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2007年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
By 1830, the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million 1 of these nations looked 2 to the future. Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian colonialism, many of the leaders of independence 3 the ideals of representative government, careers 4 to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the 5 to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. 6 there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a 7 set of laws.
On the issue of 8 of religion and the position of the Church, 9 , there was less agreement 10the leadership. Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one11 by the Spanish crown. 12 most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism 13 the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the 14 of other faiths. The defense of the Church became a rallying15 for the conservative forces.
The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality of everything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had16 in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain’s 17 colonies. Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much 18because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies 19 . Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was 20 self-rule and democracy.
1.[A] natives [B] inhabitants [C] peoples [D] individuals
2.[A] confusedly [B] cheerfully [C] worriedly [D] hopefully
3.[A] shared [B] forgot [C] attained [D] rejected
4.[A] related [B] close [C] open [D] devoted
5.[A] access [B] succession [C] right [D] return
6.[A] Presumably [B] Incidentally [C] Obviously [D] Generally
7.[A] unique [B] common [C] particular [D] typical
8.[A] freedom [B] origin [C] impact [D] reform
9.[A] therefore [B] however [C] indeed [D] moreover
10.[A] with [B] about [C] among [D] by
11.[A] allowed [B] preached [C] granted [D] funded
12.[A] Since [B] If [C] Unless [D] While
13.[A] as [B] for [C] under [D] against
14.[A] spread [B] interference [C] exclusion [D] influence
15.[A] support [B] cry [C] plea [D] wish
16.[A] urged [B] intended [C] expected [D] promised
17.[A] controlling [B] former [C] remaining [D] original
18.[A] slower [B] faster [C] easier [D] tougher
19.[A] created [B] produced [C] contributed [D] preferred
20.[A] puzzled by [B] hostile to [C]pessimistic about [D] unprepared for
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1
If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the late months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be ever more pronounced.
What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increasessoccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccermania; d) none of the above.
Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in “none of the above.” Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment, nearly 30 years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. “With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training, his digit span had risen from 7 to 20,” Ericsson recalls. “He kept improving, and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.”
This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.
Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits, including soccer. They gather all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way, expert performers—whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming—are nearly always made, not born.
21. The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to
[A] stress the importance of professional training.
[B] spotlight the soccer superstars at the World Cup.
[C] introduce the topic of what makes expert performance.
[D] explain why some soccer teams play better than others.
22. The word “mania” (Line 4, Paragraph 2) most probably means
[A] fun.
[B] craze.
[C] hysteria.
[D] excitement.
23. According to Ericsson, good memory
[A] depends on meaningful processing of information.
[B] results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.
[C] is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.
[D] requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.
24. Ericsson and his colleagues believe that
[A] talent is a dominating factor for professional success.
[B] biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.
[C] the role of talent tends to be overlooked.
[D] high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.
25. Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey?
[A] “Faith will move mountains.”
[B] “One reaps what one sows.”
[C] “Practice makes perfect.”
[D] “Like father, like son.”
Text 2
For the past several years, the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called “Ask Marilyn.” People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant, who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old; that gave her an IQ of 228—the highest score ever recorded. IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies, to envision paper after it has been folded and cut, and to deduce numerical sequences, among other similar tasks. So it is a bit confusing when vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe (whose IQ is 100) as, What’s the difference between love and fondness? Or what is thenature of luck and coincidence? It’s not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.
Clearly, intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test. Just what does it mean to be smart? How much of intelligence can be specified, and how much can we learn about it from neurology, genetics, computer science and other fields?
The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. The test comes primarily in two forms: the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children’s version). Generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually given only by psychologists, although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web. Superhigh scores like vos Savant’s are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100. Other standardized tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and the Graduate Record Exam (GRE), capture the main aspects of IQ tests.
Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life, argues Robert J. Sternberg. In his article “How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”, Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success. Moreover, IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change. Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low-stress conditions, but under high-stress conditions, IQ was negatively correlated with leadership—that is, it predicted the opposite. Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether it’s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.
26. Which of the following may be required in an intelligence test?
[A] Answering philosophical questions.
[B] Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.
[C] Telling the differences between certain concepts.
[D] Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.
27. What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph3?
[A] People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.
[B] More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.
[C] The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.
[D] Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.
28. People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as vos Savant’s because
[A] the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.
[B] creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.
[C] vos Savant’s case is an extreme one that will not repeat.
[D] the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.
29. We can conclude from the last paragraph that
[A] test scores may not be reliable indicators of one’s ability.
[B] IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.
[C] testing involves a lot of guesswork.
[D] traditional tests are out of date.
30. What is the author’s attitude towards IQ tests?
[A] Supportive.
[B] Skeptical.
[C] Impartial.
[D] Biased.
Text 3
During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realties. Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.
In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work,transforming basic family economics. Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risen as well. Today’s families have budgeted to the limits of theirs new two-paycheck status. As a result, they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback—a back-up earner (usually Mom) who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick. This “added-worker effect” could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times. But today, a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.
During the same period, families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income. Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a savings-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. For younger families, the picture is not any better. Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen—and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families’ future healthcare. Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent—and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance—have jumped eightfold in just one generation.
From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind.
31. Today’s double-income families are at greater financial risk in that
[A] the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared.
[B] their chances of being laid off have greatly increased.
[C] they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.
[D] they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance.
32. As a result of President Bush’s reform, retired people may have
[A] a higher sense of security.
[B] less secured payments.
[C] less chance to invest.
[D] a guaranteed future.
33. According to the author, health-savings plans will
[A] help reduce the cost of healthcare.
[B] popularize among the middle class.
[C] compensate for the reduced pensions.
[D] increase the families’ investment risk.
34. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that
[A] financial risks tend to outweigh political risks.
[B] the middle class may face greater political challenges.
[C] financial problems may bring about political problems.
[D] financial responsibility is an indicator of political status.
35. Which of the following is the best title for this text?
[A] The Middle Class on the Alert
[B] The Middle Class on the Cliff
[C] The Middle Class in Conflict
[D] The Middle Class in Ruins
Text 4
It never rains but it pours. Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles, and improved their feeble corporation governance, a new problem threatens to earn them—especially in America—the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data insecurity. Left, until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss’s agenda in businesses of every variety.
Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year—from organizations as diverse as Time Warner, the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California, Berkeley—have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.
“Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset,” says Haim Mendelson of Stanford University’s business school. “The ability to guard customer data is the key to market value, which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders”. Indeed, just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), perhaps it is time for GASP, Generally Accepted Security Practices, suggested Eli Noam of New York’s Columbia Business School. “Setting the proper investment level for security, redundancy, and recovery is a management issue, not a technical one,” he says.
The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss. Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, that most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore—and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.
The current state of affairs may have been encouraged—though not justified—by the lack of legal penalty (in America, but not Europe) for data leakage. Until California recently passed a law, American firms did not have to tell anyone, even the victim, when data went astray. That may change fast: lots of proposed data-security legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington, D.C. Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America, disclosed on June 17th, overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.
36. The statement “It never rains but it pours” is used to introduce
[A] the fierce business competition.
[B] the feeble boss-board relations.
[C] the threat from news reports.
[D] the severity of data leakage.
37. According to Paragraph 2, some organizations check their systems to find out
[A] whether there is any weak point.
[B] what sort of data has been stolen.
[C] who is responsible for the leakage.
[D] how the potential spies can be located.
38. In bringing up the concept of GASP the author is making the point that
[A] shareholders’ interests should be properly attended to.
[B] information protection should be given due attention.
[C] businesses should enhance their level of accounting security.
[D] the market value of customer data should be emphasized.
39. According to Paragraph 4, what puzzles the author is that some bosses fail to
[A] see the link between trust and data protection.
[B] perceive the sensitivity of personal data.
[C] realize the high cost of data restoration.
[D] appreciate the economic value of trust.
40. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that
[A] data leakage is more severe in Europe.
[B] FTC’s decision is essential to data security.
[C] California takes the lead in security legislation.
[D] legal penalty is a major solution to data leakage.
Part B
Directions:
You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what parents are supposed to do to guide their children into adulthood. Choose a heading from the list A-G that best fits the meaning of each numbered part of the text (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There are two extra headings that you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
[A] Set a Good Example for Your Kids
[B] Build Your Kids’ Work Skills
[C] Place Time Limits on Leisure Activities
[D] Talk about the Future on a Regular Basis
[E] Help Kids Develop Coping Strategies
[F] Help Your Kids Figure Out Who They Are
[G] Build Your Kids’ Sense of Responsibility
How Can a Parent Help?
Mothers and fathers can do a lot to ensure a safe landing in early adulthood for their kids. Even if a job’s starting salary seems too small to satisfy an emerging adult’s need for rapid content, the transition from school to work can be less of a setback if the start-up adult is ready for the move. Here are a few measures, drawn from my book Ready or Not, Here Life Comes, that parents can take to prevent what I call “work-life unreadiness”:
You can start this process when they are 11 or 12. Periodically review their emerging strengths and weaknesses with them and work together on any shortcomings, like difficulty in communicating well or collaborating. Also, identify the kinds of interests they keep coming back to, as these offer clues to the careers that will fit them best.
Kids need a range of authentic role models—as opposed to members of their clique, pop stars and vaunted athletes. Have regular dinner-table discussions about people the family knows and how they got where they are. Discuss the joys and downsides of your own career and encourage your kids to form some ideas about their own future. When asked what they want to do, they should be discouraged from saying “I have no idea.” They can change their minds 200 times, but having only a foggy view of the future is of little good.
Teachers are responsible for teaching kids how to learn; parents should be responsible for teaching them how to work. Assign responsibilities around the house and make sure homework deadlines are met. Encourage teenagers to take a part-time job. Kids need plenty of practice delaying gratification and deploying effective organizational skills, such as managing time and setting priorities.
Playing video games encourages immediate content. And hours of watching TV shows with canned laughter only teaches kids to processinformation in a passive way. At the same time, listening through earphones to the same monotonous beats for long stretches encourages kids to stay inside their bubble instead of pursuing other endeavors. All these activities can prevent the growth of important communication and thinking skills and make it difficult for kids to develop the kind of sustained concentration they will need for most jobs.
They should know how to deal with setbacks, stress and feelings of inadequacy. They should also learn how to solve problems and resolve conflicts, ways to brainstorm and think critically. Discussions at home can help kids practice doing these things and help them apply these skills to everyday life situations.
What about the son or daughter who is grown but seems to be struggling and wandering aimlessly through early adulthood? Parents still have a major role to play, but now it is more delicate. They have to be careful not to come across as disappointed in their child. They should exhibit strong interest and respect for whatever currently interests their fledging adult (as naive or ill conceived as it may seem) while becoming a partner in exploring options for the future. Most of all, these new adults must feel that they are respected and supported by a family that appreciates them.
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities. (46)Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.
If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. (47) On the other, it links theseconcepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalist’s intellectual preparation for his or her career.
(48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be. (49) In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.
Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. (50) While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.These
can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system.
Section III Writing
Part A
51. Directions
Write a letter to your university library, making suggestions for improving its service.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.
Do not write the address. (10 points)
Part B
52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should
1) describe the drawing briefly,
2) explain its intended meaning, and then
3) support your view with an example/examples.
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
word/media/image1.png
2007年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）答案详解
Section I Use of English
一、文章结构分析
本文主要论述了西班牙和葡萄牙的前殖民地在独立以后面临的各种问题。第一段指出独立运动领导人对于新国家理念的共同之处。第二段指出领导人存在分歧的方面。第三段是总结，指出平等主义在新国家的实现比较缓慢。
二、试题具体解析
1.[A] natives 本地人[B] inhabitants 居民[C] peoples 民族[D] individuals 个人【答案】 B【考点】 词汇辨析
【难度系数】 0.422 【解析】 空的前句指出西班牙和葡萄牙殖民地成为了独立的国家。空所在的语境为：大约200万这些国家的 看到未来。显然这里填的词应该表示这些国家的居民。四个选项中B项最能准确表达此项含义，故答案为B。
2.[A] confusedly 困惑地[B] cheerfully 快乐地[C] worriedly 焦虑地[D] hopefully 有希望地【答案】 D【考点】 逻辑搭配【难度系数】 0.569【解析】 显然这里填的一个词是形容民众是如何看待未来的状况的。文章首句已经说明这些前殖民地相继独立，对于刚脱离殖民统治的民众来说，这是应该一个令人欣喜的事件，因此，后文的论述也应与此一致。D项最能反映这一情形，故答案为D。
3.[A] shared 分享[B] forgot 忘记
[C] attained 获得[D] rejected 拒绝【答案】 A【考点】 词汇搭配【难度系数】 0.418【解析】 空所在的语意为：许多独立国家的领导者 典型的政府理念，……，以及把个体的信仰作为社会的基础。显然典型政府、职业、和自由贸易等都是对这一理念的具体说明，应该是这些领导人共同持有的。能表现一个群体拥有共同想法的动词只有A，故答案为A。
4.[A] related与……有联系[B] close接近[C] open 开放的[D] devoted专心致志于做……【答案】 C【考点】 词汇辨析【难度系数】 0.273【解析】 我们已经判断出文章对这些领导人行为描述都是正面的，那么职业对有才能的人开放应该符合这种态度，故答案为C。
5.[A] access 通道[B] succession 接替，继任[C] right 权利 [D] return 偿还，归还【答案】 C【考点】 词汇辨析【难度系数】 0.536【解析】从空后谈到把个体信仰作为社会的基础我们可以判断出，这里应该是对个体权力的尊重，而这又体现在对私有财产的尊重上，故空填的应该表示权力，答案为C。
6.[A] Presumably 很可能，大概，表推测[B] Incidentally 顺便说及[C] Obviously 显而易见地[D] Generally 普遍地【答案】 D【考点】 逻辑搭配【难度系数】 0.394 【解析】空的前句谈到独立领导者拥有共同的信仰，空所在的内容应该是继续阐述独立后这些国家具有的特征，即独立的国家应该是“独立的主权，自主发展经济，遵循共同的法律。”显然选项中只有D能反映这一共同的理念。
7.[A] unique 唯一的[B] common 共同的[C] particular 特定的，特殊的[D] typical 典型的【答案】 B【考点】 词义辨析【难度系数】 0.267【解析】 这里填入的词是形容法律的，前面谈到这些独立的国家领导人有着共同治国理念，而后面谈到这些国家需要成为一个整体，常识告诉我们，要想成为一个整体必然需要一整套共同的法律，由此不难选出正确答案B项。
8.[A] freedom 自由[B] origin 起源，来源[C] impact 影响[D] reform 改革
【答案】 A【考点】 词义辨析【难度系数】 0.322【解析】 空所在的内容是关于宗教信仰方面的，而且领导人在这个问题上没有达成一致。对于政治人物来说，对宗教信仰所持的观点一般只有两种，宗教自由或者宗教独裁，这里自然应该选择正面的态度，因此自由较好，故答案为A。
9.[A] therefore 因此[B] however 然而[C] indeed 真正地，实际上[D] moreover 而且【答案】 B【考点】 逻辑搭配【难度系数】 0.763【解析】 从选项给出的内容可以判断这里填入的词表示逻辑关系。文章第一段讨论独立领导者们拥有共同的治国理念，而本段探讨的是他们在宗教问题方面存在的分歧。显然这是一种转折关系，故答案为B。
10.
[A] with 和……在一起[B] about 关于[C] among 在……之中[D] by 被【答案】 C【考点】 词义搭配【难度系数】 0.375【解析】空前内容表示分歧，既然是分歧自然是存在领导人之间，故本题选C。
11.[A] allowed 允许[B] preached 宣讲[C] granted 授予，同意[D] funded 为……提供资金
【答案】 A【考点】 词义辨析【难度系数】 0.239【解析】空所在的语境是：罗马天主教在独立以前是国教，也是被西班牙王国政府所 的宗教。显然这里填入的词应该是许可之类的，A和C均有此义，C强调申请之后被批准，显然宗教不适合用这个词，而容许更适合，故答案为A。
12.[A] Since自……以来[B] If 如果[C] Unless 除非[D] While 虽然
【答案】 D【考点】 逻辑搭配【难度系数】 0.6【解析】 前文谈到领导人在宗教上有分歧，接着谈到罗马天主教曾经是国教。空所在的句子则应该是谈到不同领导人对宗教的看法，表示两种观点之间的对比关系，只有D合适，故答案为D。
13.[A] as 当作[B] for 为了[C] under 在……下面[D] against 违反
【答案】 A【考点】 词汇搭配【难度系数】 0.605【解析】 接12题的分析，显然这里填入的词表示“当作、作为”的意思，故答案为A。
14.[A] spread 传播[B] interference 干涉[C] exclusion 拒绝，排斥[D] influence 影响
【答案】 C【考点】 词义辨析【难度系数】 0.205【解析】12题已经分析了这个句子表示的两种不同的观点，前面是把天主教作为国教，后面则应该表示内容与此相对立。而天主教一旦作为国教，那么自然要结束其他教派的传播，而对立观点则是应该结束对其他教派的排斥，故答案为C。
15.[A] support 支持
[B] cry叫喊，口号[C] plea 恳求[D] wish 愿望
【答案】 B【考点】 习惯搭配【难度系数】 0.164【解析】 本题考查的是一个固定搭配，rallying cry意思是“（起号召作用的）战斗口号”。
16.[A] urged 鼓励；力劝[B] intended 打算[C] expected 预料；要求[D] promised 承诺，答应【答案】 D【考点】 词义辨析【难度系数】 0.589【解析】 前文谈到早期独立领导人的理想是平等主义，接着谈到波利瓦尔得到海地的帮助并要以废除他所解放的地区奴隶制度作为回报。由此可知废除奴隶是解放之后的事情，把将来的事情作为一种交换条件只能是一种承诺，故答案为D。
17.[A] controlling 控制的[B] former 从前的，以前的[C] remaining 剩下的，残存的[D] original 起初的，独创的
【答案】 C【考点】 词汇搭配【难度系数】 0.269【解析】 空所在的语义为：到1854年，除了西班牙 奴隶制已经全部被废除了。从前文知道，这些独立的国家多是西班牙的殖民地，是通过斗争才争取到的独立，因此废除奴隶制的是这些独立的国家，没有废除的当然是西班牙仍然保留的殖民地，四个选项只有C能表达此含义，故答案为C。
18.[A] slower 较慢的[B] faster 较快的[C] easier 较容易的[D] tougher 较坚硬的【答案】 A【考点】 逻辑关系
【难度系数】 0.425【解析】 空后谈到政府需要这个税收，空前谈到减税的承诺，既然税收是必须的，那么减税承诺兑现必然是缓慢的，故答案为A。
19.[A] created 创造，引起[B] produced 生产[C] contributed增进，捐款
[D] preferred更喜欢
【答案】 B【考点】 词义辨析【难度系数】 0.251【解析】由18题的分析可以判断出这里填入的词表示这些政策创造的税收，选项A和B能表达这一含义，但A的创造通常是指抽象的东西，而税收是物质的，所以B项更合适，故答案为B。
20.[A] puzzled by迷惑的[B] hostile to 敌视的[C] pessimistic about 悲观的
[D] unprepared for未做好准备的
【答案】 D【考点】 词义辨析【难度系数】 0.292【解析】 空所在的句意：平等主义的情绪经常会被一些担忧所冲淡，这种担忧就是大部分人对自治和民主 。四个选项代入句中，只有D能使语义通顺，故答案为D。
三、全文翻译
到1830年，西班牙和葡萄牙的前殖民地已经成为独立国家。这些国家的大约两千万居民满怀希望地展望着未来。许多独立斗争的领导人出生于旧政权以及伊比利亚殖民主义的危机时刻，他们怀有共同的治国理念：创建民选政府、对人才开放的职业、实行商贸自由和私有财产权以及相信“个体是社会的基础”。当时，普遍存在这样的信念——新国家应该是自主、独立的国家，应该足以在经济上养活国民，并且通过一套共同法律使国家统一在一起。
然而，关于宗教自由以及教会的地位问题，领导阶层之间的意见就不那么一致了。罗马天主教过去是西班牙的国教，并且是西班牙国王允许存在的唯一教派；虽然大多数领导人试图继续将天主教作为新国家的官方宗教，但是一些领导人却试图结束将其它信仰排除在外的局面。保护教会成为保守力量的战斗口号。
早期独立运动领导人的理想通常是实行平等主义，重视一切平等。玻利瓦尔从海地获得了援助，作为回报，他承诺在他所解放的地区废除奴隶制。到1854年，除了西班牙剩余的殖民地以外，其它地方都已废除了奴隶制。取消印第安人纳贡以及停止向混血人种征税的早期承诺实现起来就缓慢得多，因为新国家仍然需要这类政策带来的收入。平等主义思想经常会被一些担忧所冲淡，这种担忧就是普通大众还没有为自治与民主做好准备。
Section III Reading Comprehension
Part A
Text 1
一、文章题材结构分析
本文选自2006年5月New York Times Magazine《纽约时报杂志》，原文标题是A Star Is Made（明星是造就的）。这是一篇说明议论文。文章第一、二段通过一个现象引出讨论的话题——什么早就人的杰出才能。第三、四和五段讲述了一些科学家对这个问题的最新研究情况，发现了人所受的先天影响被高估，出色的才华是造就的，而非天生的。
二、试题具体分析
21．提到足球运动员出生时间的巧合现象是为了 。
[A] 强调专业训练的重要性
[B] 突出世界杯比赛中的足球明星
[C] 引出话题：出色表现是如何形成的
[D] 解释为什么有些足球队比其他队踢得好
【答案】 C【考点】 主旨大意【难度系数】 0.787【解析】 从文章内容我们可以看出本文的中心是论述什么造就了人的杰出表现，而文章第一段足球运动员案例的引用显然是为了引出这一中心话题，故答案为C。A、B和D的内容过于片面，应该加以排除。
[补充] 本文的结构是现象—解释型，首段一般只提出现象；报刊杂志文章的首段通常引人入胜，目的是引出本文主题。
22．“mania”(第二段，第四行)一词最有可能的含义是 。
[A] 乐趣[B] 狂热 [C] 歇斯底里[D] 兴奋【答案】 B【考点】 词义句意【难度系数】 0.368【解析】 这是一道测试考生利用上下文推测词义的考题。在被考词mania的上下文中：soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania(为足球疯狂的父母更有可能在春天怀孕，也就是足球狂热的巅峰季节)，句子的两部分以逗号隔开，逗号后面的部分是以同位语的方式解释前面，由此可见soccer mania可能对应soccer mad，那么mania的意思就是mad(疯狂，狂热)，故选B；C项带贬义；其中D选项具有干扰性，但是所表达的热爱程度不如原文表达的深刻。
23．根据埃里克森所说，好的记忆力 。
[A] 取决于对信息进行有意义的处理 [B] 来源于直觉而不是认知活动 [C] 由遗传因素而不是心理因素决定[D] 需要及时的反馈和注意力高度集中【答案】 A【考点】 事实细节【难度系数】 0.469【解析】 文章第三段讲Ericsson所做的实验。第四段首句提出记忆力是认知练习的结果而非一种直觉。第二句进一步解释记忆力的差别不是天生的，而是由个人信息“编码”(encode)质量造成的。第三句讲要做好记忆的编码工作，必须进行“刻意练习”(deliberate practice)。A选项中的processing of information是对第四段第二句中的关键词encode的替换，同义替换的是解，故选A项。B和C选项都强调先天因素，与Ericsson在第四段的观点正好相反，故排除；D选项是第四段末句的部分内容，及时反馈是“刻意练习”(deliberate practice)的具体内容，而注意力高度集中文中并未涉及，故为干扰项，排除D项。
24．埃里克森和他的同事们相信 。
[A] 天赋是职业成功的关键因素[B] 成长资料里含有决定出色表现的关键因素[C] 天赋的作用往往被忽略 [D] 事业的巨大成功主要来自后天的培养【答案】 D【考点】 事实细节【难度系数】 0.303【解析】 文章末段在谈到他们的观点时说：Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. 意思是说他们从收集到的数据得出一个结论，即我们所说的天资这一特性被过高估计。再加上这句话expert performers…are nearly always made, not born，可知D项符合题意，为正确答案。注意D项中的nurture(培养)与nature(天性)相对。 由以上列出的两个关键句可以得出A、C项与结论相反，故排除；其中C项为干扰项， overlooked(忽略)与文中的overrated(高估)相对。B项中成长资料是研究人员在研究中搜集的数据，反映了后天培养的重要性，但决定出色表现的关键因素文中并未提到，故可排除C项。
25．以下哪一句谚语与该文章试图传达的信息最接近？
[A]“精诚所至，金石为开”[B]“一份耕耘，一份收获”[C]“熟能生巧”[D]“有其父，必有其子”【答案】 C【考点】 主旨大意【难度系数】 0.789【解析】 文章第一段从一个现象引出杰出表现是如何形成的这一话题，第二段作出种种猜测。第三、四段通过研究得出结论——记忆行为是一个认知过程，好的记忆力在于有效的处理信息，而不是与生俱来的。第五段进一步把这一结论进行了推广，天资几乎总是后天形成的。四个谚语中，只有C能概括这一主题，故答案为C。
三、文章难句精析
1. Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology.【解析】 本句是一个并列句，开始是and连接的两个分句：Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering...，其中第二个分句是一个复合句，主句是Ericsson studied nuclear engineering，until引导一个时间状语从句until he realized…，realized带有宾语从句he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research，最后是if引导的条件状语从句。【译文】 埃里克森成长于瑞典，开始时学习核工程，后来他意识到如果转学心理学，会获得更多进行专业研究的机会。
2. This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.【解析】 本句的主干是this success led Ericsson to conclude that…，过去分词结构coupled with later research…作this success的定语，其中现在分词结构showing that memory itself is not genetically determined又作前面later research的定语；conclude带有that引导的宾语从句：that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one。注意：在more…than…结构中，作者强调的是more之后的部分：记忆行为的认知特性(cognitive)。【译文】 这次实验的成功以及后来的研究都表明，记忆力本身并不是由遗传决定的。埃里克森由此得出这样的结论：记忆行为与其说是一种直觉活动，不如说是一种认知活动。
四、核心词汇回顾
1. certificate n. 证书2. astrological adj. 占星的，占星术的3. stamina n. 毅力，持久力，精力 4. conceive v. 怀孕，考虑，设想5. annual adj. 每年的 6. peak n. 顶点，(记录的)最高峰7. mania n. 癖好，狂热8. couple A with B 将A与B联系在一起9. cognitive adj. 认知的，认识的，有感知的10. swamp v. 使陷入困境；淹没11. deliberate adj. 深思熟虑的，故意的12. pursuit n. 追求；职业13. assertion n. 主张，断言，声明
五、全文翻译
如果检查一下2006年世界杯足球锦标赛所有参赛运动员的出生证明，你很可能会发现一个值得注意的怪现象：出色的足球运动员往往在一年中的头几个月出生。如果再关注一下为世界杯和职业球队输送人才的欧洲国家青年队，你会发现这一现象更加明显。
对这一奇怪现象该做何解释呢？以下是几种猜想：(a) 某些星座的人更具有足球天赋。(b) 冬季出生的孩子往往具有较大的氧容量，这增强了他们在足球运动中的耐力。(c) 对足球狂热的父母容易在春天怀孕，因为那是一年中足球狂热的高峰期。(d) 以上猜想都不对。
58岁的安德斯•埃里克森是佛罗里达州立大学的心理学教授，他坚信以上推测均不成立。埃里克森成长于瑞典，开始时学习核工程，后来他意识到如果转学心理学，会获得更多进行专业研究的机会。大约30年前他进行了第一次试验，与记忆力相关：训练一个人听一系列任意选择的数字然后让他进行重复。埃里克森回忆说，“第一个被测试对象在经过了约20个小时的训练以后，他所记住的数字从7个增至20个。他不断地进步，经过约 200个小时的训练以后，他能记住80多个数字。”
这次实验的成功以及后来的研究都表明，记忆力本身并不是由遗传决定的。埃里克森由此得出这样的结论：记忆行为与其说是一种直觉活动，不如说是一种认知活动。换句话说，不论两个人在记忆能力方面表现出什么先天性的差异，这些差异与个人“编码”信息的能力相比都显得无足轻重。埃里克森认为，学习按照意义编码信息的最佳方法是经历一个被称为“刻意练习”的过程。“刻意练习”不仅仅是简单地重复一项任务，它涉及到制定具体的目标、获得及时的反馈、方法和结果并重。
埃里克森和他的同事由此开始对众多领域(包括足球领域)中的佼佼者进行研究。他们竭尽所能收集到的数据中，不仅包括工作绩效统计数字、成长细节、而且还包括他们的实验对象中表现优秀者的测试结果。他们的研究结论令人惊讶：我们对通常称之为“天赋”的遗传特征过分看重了。换句话说，不管是在记忆力、外科领域、芭蕾舞，还是在计算机编程方面表现出色的人几乎是后天培养的，而不是天生造就的。
Text 2
一、文章结构与内容分析
本文选自1993年Scientific American《科学美国人》，原文标题是Intelligence Considered（智力测验）。这是一篇关于智力测验的议论文章。文章第一段首先从报纸上一个专栏引出这一话题并对其做出了说明。第二段开始对智力测试的意义提出质疑。第三段则更加具体的对智力测试的内容进行了介绍。最后一段则说明，通过科学家的研究得出，智力测试并不可靠。
二、试题具体分析
26．以下哪一项可能出现在智力测验中？
[A] 回答哲学问题。[B] 把纸折叠或剪切成不同形状。[C] 区别某些概念。[D] 选出与所给单词或图形相似的单词或图形。【答案】 D【考点】 事实细节【难度系数】 0.406【解析】 该题测试考生对第一段事实细节的理解。根据题干我们定位于第一段第三句。这一句中介绍了智力测试中常出现的问题，包括词汇和图形类比、想象纸折叠和剪切后的形状、推导数字序列等。D项对应第三句中to complete verbal and visual analogies，为正确答案。通过后面两句可以看出，A、C项说的不是IQ测验的内容，容易排除。B项为迷惑选项，其强调动手能力，因此与原文toenvision paper after it has been folded and cut强调想象能力不符，故排除B项。这其实也是一道常识性的问题，如果参加过一些智力测试的游戏，我们可很容易的得出答案为D。
27．从第三段可以推断出关于智力测验的什么结论？
[A] 人们不再使用智商分数作为智力高低的指标。[B] 现在人们在互联网上可以获得更多智商测验的版本。[C] 针对成人和儿童的测验内容和形式可能有所不同。[D] 科学家已经明确了人类智力中的主要因素。【答案】 C【考点】 推理判断【难度系数】 0.512【解析】 文章第三段内容谈到：尽管智力测试没有以前那么普遍，但智力测试结果仍然被看作是人类智力的表现。智力测试有两种形式：斯坦福—比奈（智力）测试和Wechsler智力量表(这两种形式都分别有成人版和儿童版)。尽管书店和网上有这两种智力测试的各种变体，人们通常还是花上几百美元去心理医生那里做。现在已经没有人再得到Vos Savant所得的那种超高分数了，因为现在的计分方式是根据相同年龄段的人在统计意义上的分布来定的，而不是简单地用心里年龄除以实际年龄再乘以100。其他一些标准化测试（如美国大学入学考试、研究生入学考试）具有智力测试的一些主要特征。从这段内容看，选项A和第一句相冲突；B则与第二三句不合；D在本段中完全没有涉及。故正确答案为C，其根据来自第二句括号中的内容。
28．现在人们不再能获得莎凡那么高的智商分数，因为 。
[A] 现在的分数是通过不同的计算程序获得的 [B] 现在更强调创造力而不是分析能力[C] 莎凡是一个极端个案，不会再重现[D] 智商测验的界定性特征发生了改变【答案】 A【考点】 事实细节【难度系数】 0.351【解析】 本题的题干和答案均出现在第三段第四句，文章关于这个内容的表述是：现在不可能有人再得到Vos Savant所得的高分了，因为计分方式变化了。A项与此符合。故答案为A。
29．从末段我们可以得出结论 。
[A] 测验分数可能不是体现一个人能力高低的可靠指标
[B] 智商测验分数和美国学术评估测试结果密切相关 [C] 测验中涉及许多猜测行为[D] 传统的测验已经过时【答案】 A【考点】 推理判断【难度系数】 0.815【解析】 末段第一句就谈到标准测试不能评估在学校和生活中取得成功所需要的所有重要因素。其后的内容都是对这一论点的说明，故由此我们可以得出A的结论。
30．作者对智力测验的态度是什么？
[A] 支持。[B] 怀疑。[C] 公正，不偏不倚。[D] 存有偏见。【答案】 B【考点】 观点态度【难度系数】 0.511【解析】 该题测试考生对作者态度的理解。文章首段的引子引出了智商测试这个话题，作者在第二段第一句总结出：智商测试的得分不能体现智力的高低。在末段得出的结论是：智力测试不能很好地评估与成功相关的能力，可见作者都是说明智商测试的不足以及强调其不一定可靠，由此推出作者对智力测验持怀疑态度，B项是正确答案。
三、文章难句精析
1. It’s not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.【解析】 how引导的是主语从句，其中有to引导的两个动词不定式to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns作capacity的定语，而to answer questions作结果状语，而questions后的that引导了一个定语从句。【译文】 想象物体形状和推算数列的能力，不一定能使人具备足够的能力，来回答那些连最优秀的诗人和哲学家都回答不了的问题。
2. In his article “How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”, Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success.
【解析】 本句的主干是Sternberg notes that …，that引导的宾语从句的主干是traditional tests best assess A and B but fail to measure C and D。句末的components…作creativity and practical knowledge的同位语，说明它们的作用，形容词结构critical to problem solving and life success后置作components的定语。【译文】 斯特恩伯格在他的“智力测试有多大可信度？”一文中指出，传统的智商测试能够很好地评估分析能力和语言能力，但不能评估创造能力和实践能力，而这两个因素对于解决问题和在生活中取得成功也至关重要。
四、核心词汇回顾
1. mental adj. 精神的，智力的2. verbal adj. 口头的，不用语言的3. analogy n. 类似，类推4. envision vt. 想象，预想5. numerical adj. 数字的，用数表示的6. fondness n. 爱好，溺爱7. coincidence n. 一致，巧合8. elude v. 躲避9. encompass v. 包围，环绕
10. statistical adj. 统计（学）的 n. 统计量11. peer n. 同等的人；同龄人12. elements n. 原理，基础13. predict v. 预言，预报
五、全文翻译
在过去几年中，《星期日报》增刊上出现了一个名为“玛丽琳问题”的特色专栏。人们被邀请向玛丽琳·冯·莎凡提出各种问题。此人10岁时参加了相当于普通人23岁左右水平的智力测试，测试的智商为228 (智商的最高记录)。智商测试要求你完成的任务常常是：词汇和图形类比、想象纸折叠和剪切后的形状、推导数字序列，等等。因此，当莎凡回答(智商为100的)普通人提出的诸如“爱与喜欢有何区别”或“运气和巧合的本质是什么”这类问题时，她感到有些困惑。想象物体形状和推算数列的能力，不一定能使人具备足够的能力，来回答那些连最优秀的诗人和哲学家都回答不了的问题。
显然，智力的高低并不能仅仅通过测试的分数体现出来。那么什么叫“聪明”呢？有多少智力可以被明确定义出来？关于智力，从神经学、遗传学、计算机科学和其它领域中，我们又能了解什么呢？虽然现在智商测试已经不像以前那么频繁地使用，但是智商分数似乎仍然是定义人类智力的术语。智商测试主要有两种形式：斯坦福—比奈智力量表和韦氏智力量表(二者都有成人和儿童版本)。虽然这两种测试形式的改编版本常常可以在书店和互联网上见到，但它们通常只由心理学家提供，费用一般为几百美元。莎凡那样的超高分数不可能再重现，因为现在分数的计算是以同龄群体分数分布为基础的，而不是简单地用智力年龄除以实足年龄再乘以100。其它的标准化测试，比如学术评估测验和研究生入学考试，都具有智商测试的主要特点。
罗伯特·J·斯特恩伯格认为，这类标准化测试也许并不能评估对于学业和生活的成功来说必须的所有重要因素。斯特恩伯格在他的“智力测试有多大可信度？”一文中指出，传统的智商测试能够很好地评估分析能力和语言能力，但不能评估创造能力和实践能力，而这两个因素对于解决问题和在生活中取得成功也至关重要。此外，一旦测试群体或情景发生改变，智商测试不一定能做出准确的预测。研究发现，在压力小的环境下进行测试，智商能够正确地反映出领导能力的高低；但是在压力大的情况下，智商与领导能力呈负相关关系——也就是说，根据智商分数预测出的领导能力与实际情况相反。任何参加过“学术评估测验”的人都可以证明，应试技能也很重要，比如知道何时应该猜测或者什么题目可以略过不答。
Text 3
一、文章结构与内容分析
本文选自2006年1-2月Harvard Magazine《哈佛杂志》，原文标题是The Middle Class on the Precipice-Rising financial risks for American families（处于悬崖边缘的中产阶级——美国家庭面临的经济风险增加）。这是一篇议论文。本文是一篇关于美国中产阶级面临危机的文章，第一段指出现在的美国中产阶级很难保持经济状况稳定，第二段分析原因之一：母亲外出工作使家庭的经济风险上升。第三段分析原因之二：布什政府的改革措施、健康储蓄计划的推出都对中产阶级家庭提出了新的挑战，即家庭被要求承担的经济风险和负担增加。最后一段总结了上述经济威胁，即政府把金融风险转嫁给中产阶级家庭，并指出经济问题可能会带来政治后果。
二、试题具体分析
31．如今的双职工家庭面临更大的财务风险，是因为 。
[A] 他们曾经拥有的安全保障消失了
[B] 他们被解雇的概率大大增加了
[C] 他们更容易因家庭经济状况变化而受到打击
[D] 他们被剥夺了失业或残疾保险金
【答案】 C【考点】 事实细节【难度系数】 0.282【解析】 通过第二段可以得出答案，这一段讲大量女性走出家庭加入就业大军所带来的基本家庭经济的变化。在过去，如果夫妻一方失业或患病，另一方可以出去工作挣钱，家里因此渡过难关；而现在，夫妻双方都在外面工作，家庭是根据两份工资来做预算，一旦其中一方失业或患病，家庭收入减少，一个中产阶级家庭很快就会变成一个贫穷家庭。这等于说现在的双职工家庭更容易受到家庭经济状况变化的影响。故正确答案为C项。A、B与D都是干扰选项，都讲的是细节问题，且与原文内容不符。如A项中的“安全保障”在第二段倒数第二句中出现，指的是失业保险或残疾保险提供的保障，文中并未提到这种保障的消失。B项的被解雇率即失业率和D项提到的失业和残疾保险都与题干中强调的双收入家庭没有必然的联系，因此不完全切合题意，而排除两项。
32．布什总统的改革举措的结果是，退休人员可能拥有 。
[A] 更强的安全感
[B] 付款风险更大
[C] 更少的投资机会
[D] 一个有保障的未来
【答案】 B【考点】 事实细节【难度系数】 0.615【解析】 该题测试考生对第三段事实细节的理解。根据问题中的关键词President Bush定位原文第三段第三句，句中提到布什总统的改革举措，把社会安全模式变成储蓄账户模式，退休人员将原本有保障的退休金收入很大一部分或全部地变成取决于投资收益的收入方式，从而加大退休金收入的风险。故B项符合题意，为正确答案。另外，从文中对布什经济政策的评价“加重了中产阶级的经济负担”也可以看出，只有B项是这一效果的反映。
A、D项与文章表达事实相反，排除。此外总统的改革并没有对退休人员的投资行为作限制，只是让其收入与投资挂钩，因此C项偏离文意。
33．根据作者所说，健康储蓄计划将 。
[A] 有助于减少医疗保健费用
[B] 在中产阶级中得到普及
[C] 补偿减少的养老金
[D] 增加家庭的投资风险
【答案】 D【考点】 事实细节【难度系数】 0.74
【解析】 本题测试考生对事实细节的理解。根据问题中的关键词health-saving plans定位原文第三段第五句。文中提到该计划的核心是保险扣减额的增加以及家庭未来保健投资风险的增加。D项符合题意，为正确选项。另外，从第三段提到的“退休金取决于投资的回报”及“政府把风险转嫁到了家庭身上”也可以看出，健康储蓄计划增加了家庭的投资风险。
A、C项属于阐述该计划的优点，未提及，故排除。B项虽然涉及到中产阶级，但并没有提到其是否普及，同样排除。
34．从末段可以推断出 。
[A] 财政方面的风险往往超过政治风险
[B] 中产阶级可能面临更大的政治挑战
[C] 财政方面的问题也许会带来政治问题
[D] 财政方面的责任是政治地位的指标
【答案】 C【考点】 推理判断【难度系数】 0.65【解析】 该题测试考生对最后一段，尤其是最后一句话的理解。这句话的意思是：财政方面的后果已经开始显现，政治上的后果也很快会显现出来。C项符合题意，为正确选项。其中problems对应原文的fallout(后果)。
A项与D项虽然都谈到了财政与政治，但是对二者关系的阐述都与原文所说的因果关系不符，文中并未将经济风险与政治风险比较，故排除A项；也未涉及指标问题，排除D项；末段只提到中产阶级要承担经济风险，政治挑战是无中生有，故排除。
35．以下哪一项是本文的最佳题目？
[A] 警惕的中产阶级
[B] 处于危险边缘的中产阶级
[C] 处在矛盾中的中产阶级
[D] 没落的中产阶级
【答案】 B【考点】 主旨大意【难度系数】 0.43
【解析】 这是一道考查短文标题的题目。A与主题距离较远，同时文章也未提到中产阶级做出任何反应，故A项首先排除。C、D项用“矛盾”及“没落”来修饰中产阶级并不切题，这两个词已经带有明显的感情色彩，而文章更多的是阐明一种中产阶级所面对的现实状况，故排除。答案是B。
【补充】 on the cliff的字面意思是“处于悬崖边缘”，引申意思是“处于危险边缘”。
三、文章难句精析
1. Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money.
【解析】 本句的主干是steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families，who引导的定语从句修饰先行词families，其中定语从句的谓语动词worry about带有三个宾语：interest rates、stock market fluctuation和the harsh reality，而句末that引导的同位语从句that they may outlive their retirement money作reality的同位语。outlive their retirement money是指“把退休金拿去投资，可能会投资失败，导致失去退休金，以后的日子退休金不够用”。
【译文】 钢铁工人、航空公司雇员以及现在汽车企业的员工都正在加入上百万家庭的行列，这些家庭必须担忧利率、股票市场的波动以及退休金不够用的严峻现实。
2. From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders.
【解析】 本句的主干是much of this looks far less like an opportunity and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration(上述的许多问题远非一个机会，更像一个可怕的加速)，其中opportunity带有不定式to exercise more financial responsibility作定语，acceleration带有介词结构of the wholesale shift of…onto…(将……全盘转嫁给……)作定语。句子开始的介词结构from the middle-class family perspective与插入语understandably(可以理解的是)作状语。
【译文】 可以理解，从中产阶级家庭的角度看，上述现象根本不像是履行更多经济责任的机会，而是把经济风险大规模转移到他们已经不堪重负的肩膀上的加速过程。
四、核心词汇回顾
1. middle-class adj. 中层社会的，中产阶级的2. count on 依靠，指望3. fair play 按规则比赛；公平办事4. pink slip 解雇通知书5. spouse n. 配偶(指夫或妻6. debate v./ n. 争论，辩论7. implication n. 牵连，含义，暗示8. parachute n. 降落伞9. disruption n. 中断，瓦解，破坏10. absorb vt. 吸收，吸引11. retirement income 退休收入12. stock market 股票市场13. fluctuation n. 波动, 起伏14. harsh adj. 粗糙的；刺耳的；严厉的15. outlive v. 比……长命，比……耐久16. campaign v. 参加运动，领导运动17. legislative adj. 立法的 n. 立法机关18. deductible adj. 可扣除的19. demographic adj. 人口统计学的
20. odds n. 可能的机会，几率21. attendant adj. 伴随的，附带的22. perspective n. 角度，观点；远景23. acceleration n. 加速度24. wholesale n. 批发，趸售 adj. 批发的25. overburden vt. 负担过多 n. 过重的负担26. fallout n. (坏的)后果
五、全文翻译
在上一代人中，原本依靠努力工作和公平竞争就能保持经济状况稳定的美国中产阶级家庭因经济风险和新的现实状况而发生了变化。现在，一张解雇通知书，一个恶性诊断结果，或者配偶的离去，都可以使一个稳固的中产阶级家庭在几个月内成为新的贫困户。
仅仅大约一代人的时间里，数百万母亲出去工作，从而改变了基本的家庭经济结构。各行各业的学者、政策制定者以及批评家都在讨论这些变化的社会意义，但是很少有人看到其副作用：家庭风险也提高了。如今家庭的开支预算达到了新的双薪家庭的极限。结果，他们失去了经济困顿时期的“保护伞”——当家庭主要经济支柱失业或生病时还有候补者(通常是母亲)可以出去工作。“次要工作者效果”能够加强失业保险或伤残保险提供的安全保障，以帮助家庭渡过难关。但是如今，家庭财产遭受的巨大损失再也不能通过原来赋闲在家的另一半获得的工作得以弥补。
与此同时，家庭被要求承担更多的退休收入方面的风险。钢铁工人、航空公司雇员以及现在汽车企业的员工都正在加入上百万家庭的行列，这些家庭必须担忧利率、股票市场的波动以及退休金不够用的严峻现实。去年的大半年之中，布什总统致力于将社会保障体系变成个人储蓄账户模式。在这种模式下，退休人员将他们的大部分或全部有保障的退休金变为依赖回报率的投资。对于较年轻的家庭来说，境况也不比老年人家庭更好。医疗保健的绝对成本以及其中家庭承担的份额都已提高，而且新近流行的健康储蓄计划正从议会大厅流传到沃尔玛超市的员工那里。此计划意味着未来家庭的医疗保健将需要支付更高的预付额并面临大量新增的投资风险。甚至人口统计学的统计结果(人口结构变化)都对中产阶级家庭不利，家庭中出现一个年老力衰的父(母)亲——以及随之而来的精力和经济援助的需要——的几率在一代人的时间里增加了八倍。
可以理解，从中产阶级家庭的角度看，上述现象根本不像是履行更多经济责任的机会，而是把经济风险大规模转移到他们已经不堪重负的肩膀上的加速过程。经济不良后果已经显现，政治影响也不会太远了。
Text 4
一、文章结构与内容分析
本文选自2005年6月The Economist 《经济学家》，原文标题是Information Security（信息安全）。本文是议论文。本文是一篇关于信息时代数据泄漏问题的文章。文章第一段指出数据安全问题成为各行业管理层高度重视的问题。第二段提到一些大公司的大量客户和雇员信息泄漏，使管理者开始重视公司的信息保护。第三段引用多位专家的话指出，保护客户信息的重要性。第四段批判有些公司老总未意识到信息保护的重要性，它对企业的信任度极具破坏力。第五段分析出现数据泄漏这一问题的可能原因，指出立法是解决问题的根本出路。注意时文的特点：以“钓鱼”方式开头，主题常在第一段末或第二段开始。
二、试题具体分析
36．作者用“It never rains but it pours”这句话是为了引出 。
[A] 激烈的企业竞争
[B] 老板和董事会之间脆弱的关系
[C] 来自新闻报道的威胁
[D] 数据泄漏的严重性
【答案】 D【考点】 主旨大意【难度系数】 0.741
【解析】 本题是从写作方法的角度考查主题。本文以谚语it never rains but it pours(“不雨则已，一雨倾盆”)引出主题，第二句对谚语真正的所指做出说明，老板和董事会解决了财务和规章问题，又遇到了数据安全问题，此句话最后在冒号之后落脚于一个词即数据安全，在此点题。具体来讲文章涉及到公司的数据不安全的问题，或者说信息保护问题。同时，it never rains but it pours中的重点在but之后，说明问题的严重性，因为下的是大雨(it pours)。只有D项谈到了严重性，因此D项是正确选项。 A、B、C项都不是本文讨论的主要问题，A项中business，B项中boss-board，C项中reports都出现于文章中，属细节之处，服务于主旨，不符合题意要求，故排除。
37．根据第二段，一些机构检查自己的系统，目的是为了查明 。
[A] 是否存在缺陷
[B] 什么类型的数据被盗了
[C] 谁应该对数据泄漏负责
[D] 如何找到间谍嫌疑人
【答案】 A【考点】 事实细节【难度系数】 0.55
【解析】 该题测试考生对文章第二段细节的理解。根据问题可以精确定位第二段最后，因为问题中的check their systems to find out对应原文的peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of，这样找答案就成了给第二段最后的两个词potential vulnerabilities找同义替换的过程。A项对potential vulnerabilities进行了同义替换：potential=whether there is，vulnerabilities=any weak point，同义替换的是解，故A项正确。B、C、D三项文中没有涉及，都不符合题干要求。故可以排除。
38．作者提出GASP这一概念，是想说明 。
[A] 股东的利益应该给予适当的关照
[B] 信息保护问题应该受到适当的关注
[C] 企业应该提高自己的财务安全水平
[D] 客户数据的市场价值应当受到重视
【答案】 B【考点】 事实细节【难度系数】 0.447
【解析】 本题测试考生对文章中心的理解。可以看出，本题与短文主题关系很大；第三段在谈到GASP时首先引用专家的话强调了数据保护的重要性，“数据正在变成一种资产，与任何别的资产一样，它也需要受到保护。保护客户数据的能力是保证市场价值的关键，董事会有责任为了股东的利益对市场价值负责”、“保护客户数据的能力是保证市场价值的关键，董事会有责任为了股东的利益对市场价值负责”。接着说“事实上，正如有公认会计原则（GPPA）一样，也许现在应该制定公认安全准则（GASP）了”，从这里我们可以看出，引用GAAP正式为了类比建立数据安全准则的重要性，故答案为B。A、C、D三项均偏离文章中心。A项是第二句中作者说明“数据保护重要性”的原因，故排除；C选项利用文章中的个别词汇进行编造属于无中生有，为错误选项；D选项根据customer data锁定于此句话“The ability to guard customer data is the key to market value, which is responsible for on behalf of shareholders.”该句强调的是保护客户数据的能力是市场价值的关键因素，而D项中的“客户数据的市场价值”这一概念纯属编造，故排除此项。
39．根据第四段，作者感到不解的是一些老板没有 。
[A] 看到信任和数据保护之间的关系
[B] 认识到个人数据的敏感性
[C] 认识到数据恢复需付出的高昂代价
[D] 理解信任的经济价值
【答案】 A【考点】 主旨大意【难度系数】 0.523
【解析】 本题测试考生对文章主旨及作者态度的理解。题干是第四段的改写，该段第二句开始解释为什么作者感到不解，也即该题目的答案要点所在：某些管理人员没有意识到信任容易被破坏并且很难修复，个人信息的泄露最易破坏客户对公司的信任。文章主旨涉及信息泄露及信息保护与信誉之间的关系。A项最能反映中心及作者的态度，所以选A项。反映中心的是解，反映作者态度的是解。B、C、D项均只提到了信任或数据保护二者中的一个方面，与原文不符，为干扰选项，属于树木与森林关系中的树木部分，从正确选项中的完整的句意中挑出其中几个语素或语义来独自组成新的选项以迷惑考生，是出题人的一个思路，只要考生掌握此策略即可轻松排除迷惑选项。
40．从第五段可以推断出 。
[A] 数据泄漏在欧洲更为严重
[B] 美国联邦贸易委员会的决定对数据安全来说是非常重要的
[C] 加州在安全立法方面处于领先地位
[D] 法律惩处手段是解决数据泄漏问题的主要办法
【答案】 D【考点】 推理判断【难度系数】 0.355
【解析】 本题考查考生的推理能力。题目针对文章末段。段落首句告诉我们“由于对于数据泄漏缺乏法律的惩罚措施，数据泄漏问题会变得更加严重”，末句告诉我们“如果公司不能提供足够的数据安全，监督者将行动(立法)”，再加上中间部分提到的某些立法的通过，说明法律惩罚是解决数据泄漏问题的主要措施。D项符合此意，为正确答案。
三、文章难句精析
1. Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles, and improved their feeble corporation governance, a new problem threatens to earn them—especially in America—the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data insecurity.
【解析】 此句开始是由as引导的时间状语从句，后面是主句：a new problem threatens to earn them the sort of nasty headlines(一个新的问题可能让他们登上讨厌的报纸标题)。that引导的定语从句that inevitably lead to heads rolling…修饰先行词headlines。冒号之后的data insecurity说明a new problem的具体内容。
【译文】 当老板和董事会终于解决了最糟糕的财务和规章问题并加强了公司管理力度之后，一个新的问题——数据安全问题——正威胁着他们，使他们出现在令人讨厌的(尤其是美国的)头版头条新闻中，这些报道可能最终引起领导层更迭。
2. Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, that most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore—and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.
【解析】 本句的主干是it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that…and that…，其中it是形式主语，两个that引导的两个名词性从句是真正的主语：that trust is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore与that few things are more likely to destroy trust。第一个that主语从句中，that most valuable of economic assets是主语trust的同位语，其中that表示强调；在第二个that主语从句中，比较对象a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands中company之后的现在分词结构letting…充当后置定语。
【译文】 甚至最愚笨的管理人员也必定清楚地知道：信任，这个经济资产中最有价值的东西，很容易遭到破坏而恢复起来则代价高昂；没有什么比公司任由机密个人信息落入别有用心的人手中更能破坏信任的了。
3. Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America, disclosed on June 17th, overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.
【解析】 本句的主干是the theft of information overshadowed a hugely important decision，其中主语中的information带有两个定语：介词结构about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America说明信息的内容，过去分词结构disclosed on June 17th说明信息泄漏的时间；从a day earlier开始至句末的所有内容都作后置定语，修饰宾语decision，表示“……的决定”，其中that引导的定语从句修饰先行词America’s Federal Trade Commission，该定语从句中又嵌套了一个if引导的条件状语从句。
【译文】 同时，发生在美国的约4000万信用卡账户信息被盗的事件于6月17日被披露出来，可就在前一天，美国联邦贸易委员会做出一项重大决议，这项决议警告美国的公司：如果公司不能对数据的安全提供充分保障，管理机构将采取行动。盗窃事件给这项决议蒙上了阴影。
四、核心词汇回顾
1. sort out 解决2. nasty adj. 肮脏的，令人厌恶的3. roll in 蜂拥而来4. massive adj. 厚重的，大块的5. peer vi. 凝视，窥视6. potential adj. 潜在的，可能的7. shareholder n. 股东8. redundancy n. 冗余
9. do the rounds迅速传开；巡视10. astray adv. 迷途地，误入歧途地11. proposed adj. 被提议的12. legislation n. 立法，法律的制定
五、全文翻译
不雨则以，一雨倾盆。当老板和董事会终于解决了最糟糕的财务和规章问题并加强了公司管理力度之后，一个新的问题——数据安全问题——正威胁着他们，使他们出现在令人讨厌的(尤其是美国的)头版头条新闻中，这些报道可能最终引起领导层更迭。信息保护过去一直是临时、低级信息技术员工的工作，并且只被诸如银行、电信、航空这类拥有大量数据的行业所关注，而现在却高高列在各行各业老板的日程表上。
今年发生的几起重大的客户和员工数据泄露事件发生在各种各样的机构里，包括时代华纳公司、美国国防项目承办(建)机构科学应用国际公司、甚至加州大学伯克立分校。这些事件使管理者们急忙仔细检查自己公司里复杂精密的信息技术系统和业务流程，以寻找可能存在的安全隐患。斯坦福大学商学院的汉姆·孟德尔森说：“数据正在变成一种资产，与任何别的资产一样，它也需要受到保护”。“保护客户数据的能力是保证市场价值的关键，董事会有责任为了股东的利益对市场价值负责。”纽约哥伦比亚商学院的伊利·诺姆建议说，事实上，正如有公认会计原则一样，也许现在应该制定公认安全准则了。他还说：“为数据安全、数据备份和数据恢复设立恰当的投资标准是管理问题，不是技术问题。”
令人不解的是这竟然令老板们大吃一惊。甚至最愚笨的管理人员也必定清楚地知道：信任，这个经济资产中最有价值的东西，很容易遭到破坏而恢复起来则代价高昂；没有什么比公司任由机密个人信息落入别有用心的人手中更能破坏信任的了。
对泄露数据缺乏法律惩罚(这主要指在美国，在欧洲不是这样)，可能是造成目前状况的原因——虽然并不意味着泄露数据合法。直到加利福尼亚州最近通过了一项法律，美国的公司才不得不把数据泄露事件告诉人们——包括受害者。变化可能会发生得很迅速：围绕数据安全提出的许多立法正在华盛顿展开讨论。同时，发生在美国的约4000万信用卡账户信息被盗的事件于6月17日被披露出来，可就在前一天，美国联邦贸易委员会做出一项重大决议，这项决议警告美国的公司：如果公司不能对数据的安全提供充分保障，管理机构将采取行动。盗窃事件给这项决议蒙上了阴影。
Part B
一、试题具体分析
A. 为孩子树立一个好的榜样
B. 培养孩子的工作技能
C. 对休闲活动加以时间限制
D. 经常谈论未来
E. 帮助孩子掌握解决问题的策略
F. 帮助你的孩子了解他自己
G. 树立孩子的责任感
41.【答案】 F【难度系数】 0.54【解析】段落文字的大意是：“孩子11或12岁时，你就可以开始引导他们了。与他们一起定期分析他们的优缺点，一起改正缺点，比如克服交流障碍或合作困难。还要搞清楚他们不断追求的兴趣，因为这些兴趣会决定他们将来选择的最佳职业。”从这段内容上看，既涉及到了孩子的个人问题又涉及到将来的职业，显然是教会孩子如何了解自己，故答案为F。
42.【答案】 D【难度系数】 0.56【解析】 本段文字的内容先谈到了要给孩子树立榜样，然后谈到要鼓励他们谈论他们的将来，显然这里重要的是帮助孩子能更好的为将来做准备，选项中只有D项涉及到将来，故正确答案为D。
43.【答案】 B【难度系数】 0.645【解析】 段落文字第一句就谈到“教孩子如何学习是教师的责任，而教他们如何工作则是家长的责任”。从接下来的内容可以看出，段落内容都是围绕父母要如何教会孩子去工作，选项中涉及到工作内容的只有B项，故答案为B。
44.【答案】 C【难度系数】 0.74【解析】 本段内容几乎每句都离不开娱乐，中心自然是关于小孩子如何度过空闲时间，与此内容一致的只有C，故答案选为C。
45.【答案】 E【难度系数】 0.61【解析】 段落首句告诉我们，他们应该知道如何处理挫折、压力和不适的感觉，接着说到父母可以如何帮助他们，因此段落中心应该是父母如何帮助他们应对各种困难和挫折，选项E的内容与此一致。
另外，本文是一篇关于方法的文章，按照逻辑我们可以将选出的选项做一下验证。按照一般规律，先是帮助孩子进行自我认识（F），然后帮助孩子确立未来的发展方向（D），下一步要培养孩子的工作技能（B），仅仅学会如何工作是不够的，还要培养孩子有正确的生活态度，限制玩的时间是个实际的策略（C），最后要教会孩子在面对挫折和失败时如何解决问题（E）。
二、全文翻译
家长们可以做很多事来确保自己的孩子顺利进入成年初期。虽然工作的起薪好像很低，难以满足一个即将成年的孩子实现自我满足的需求，但是如果这个准成年人已经做好了准备，那么他在从学校向职场的转变中遭遇的挫折也许会少些。以下的几种方法，节选自我撰写的《不管你是否做好准备，生活已经开始》一书。家长们可以借鉴以避免我所说的“没有做好参加工作的准备”这种状况发生。
41）帮助你的孩子了解他自己
你可以在孩子十一、二岁时开始这个过程。定期和孩子一起评论他的优缺点，并帮助他克服缺点，比如在与人交流或合作方面存在的困难。另外，要明确识别孩子一直以来的兴趣所在，因为这是寻找最适合他们的职业的线索。
42）经常谈论未来
孩子需要各种各样真实的榜样——不是他小圈子里的人，也不是明星或受到吹捧的运动员。经常在就餐时与孩子谈论家庭成员所认识的人以及他们是如何取得现在的成就的。与孩子谈论一下你自己工作中的乐趣以及存在的问题，并鼓励他们为自己的未来做一些打算。当问他们将来想做什么的时候，应该阻止他们回答说“我不知道”。他们可以不断地改变想法，但是对未来没有任何明确的构想可不怎么好。
43）培养孩子的工作技能
教孩子如何学习是教师的责任，而教他们如何工作则是家长的责任。给他布置一些家务活，并确保他按时完成家庭作业。鼓励十几岁的孩子做兼职。孩子需要大量的实践延迟满足感以及运用有效的组织技能，比如管理时间和分清轻重缓急。
44）对休闲活动加以时间限制
玩电子游戏会让人获得即时满足感。长时间看充斥着预先录音的笑声的电视节目只会教孩子被动地处理信息。同时，长时间戴耳机听单调的音乐节奏将导致孩子沉浸在自己的幻想里而不是努力进取做其他事情。所有上述业余活动都可能妨碍重要的交流和思考技能的培养，并使孩子很难培养大多数工作所需要的持续注意力。
45）帮助孩子掌握解决问题的策略
他应该知道如何应对挫折、压力和能力不足的心情，学会如何解决问题和处理冲突，还要培养集思广益和进行批判性思考的能力。家庭内部的讨论可以帮助孩子锻炼这些能力并把这些技能应用到日常的生活情景中。
那些已经长大但在成年初期似乎仍感到无所适从并苦苦挣扎的孩子该怎么办呢？家长仍然需要扮演主要的角色，只不过比以前更微妙一些。他们必须避免表现出对自己的孩子感到失望。不管这些羽翼刚刚丰满的（看似幼稚或考虑欠周全的）孩子们目前的兴趣是什么，家长都应该对此表示出兴趣与尊重，同时要成为孩子的伙伴，与之共同探索对未来的选择。最重要的是，这些刚刚步入成年期的孩子必须感到他们受到家人的尊重、支持和赏识。
Part C
一、试题具体分析
46) Traditionally,/ legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers,/ rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.
【考点】 被动结构，并列连词，of结构
【解析】 简单句。句子主干：legal learning has been viewed as the special preserve of lawyers。其中谓语是现在完成时的被动语态，翻译时可译成被动句或者主动句。如果译成主动句，谓语后的介词短语in such institutions在语法上作状语，但在含义上，其为动作的发出者，即主语，因此在翻译时可把介词短语转换成名词，译成汉语句子的主语。谓语view… as…常译成“把……看成是……”。句首副词作状语。并列连词rather than连接并列的名词短语the special preserve和a necessary part，译为“……而不是……”，a necessary part后有两个of短语作后置定语，翻译时应该按照汉语表达方式译成前置定语。
【词汇】 such institutions指上文中的Canadian universities，因此译为“这些大学，这类大学”。special preserve此处表示的是“专属，特权”之意。intellectual equipment指“知识储备”。
【译文】 长久以来，法律知识在这类学校里一直被视为律师们所专有的，而不是一个受教育者的知识素养的必要组成部分。
47) On the other,/ it links these concepts to everyday realities/ in a manner which is parallel to the links/ journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.
【考点】 指代，嵌套式定语从句，状语从句，动宾结构
【解析】 复合句。句子主干：it links these concepts to everyday realities，代词it指代上文提到的law，in a manner 在句中作状语，翻译时可根据汉语表达需要将其前置。which引导的定语从句修饰manner，其主干是which is parallel to the links，后面又嵌套了一个省略引导词that的定语从句，修饰the links，即(that) journalists forge on a daily basis。此外，which引导的定语从句中有一个状语on a daily basis和一个状语从句as they…，在翻译时都需要前置。这样，which引导的定语从句中嵌套了定语从句和状语从句。此类嵌套式的复杂句式可采用拆译法，即译成“这(种做法)”。
【词汇】 parallel to应译为“类似于”；forge的含义包括“锻造、伪造、达成、形成”，这里forge links应译为“建立，形成联系”。cover与news搭配时，译为“报道(新闻)”。
【译文】 另一方面，这一学科把这些概念结合到日常生活中，这与新闻记者每天报道和评论新闻时的做法是相同的。
48) But the idea/ that the journalist must understand the law moreprofoundly than an ordinary citizen/ rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.
【考点】 同位语从句，比较结构，并列结构，of结构
【解析】 复合句。句子主干：But the idea rests on an understanding。that引导的从句是idea的同位语。与定语从句的翻译很相似，如果同位语从句较简单，可采用合译，如：……这种观点；也可采用拆译法，如：……，这一观点。本句的翻译采取后一种方法。第一个of介词短语在understanding后作后置定语，而of the news media又是前面两个并列的名词短语established conventions and special responsibilities的后置定语，翻译时都应前置。
【词汇】 rest on原意为“停留在”，但在句中常取其抽象含义“取决于”；established译为“既定的，业已确定的”。
【译文】 新闻记者应比普通公民更加透彻地了解法律，而这种看法是基于他们对新闻媒体业已确定的规约和特殊责任的理解。
49) In fact, it is difficult to see/ how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution/ can do a competent job on political stories.
【考点】 it作形式主语，宾语从句，定语从句
【解析】 复合句。句子主干：it is difficult to see…，该句子中it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式，因此翻译时形式主语it不必翻译，直接将不定式的内容译出。不定式结构to see后是how引导的宾语从句作宾语，其主干是how journalists...can do a competent job on political stories，其中who引导的定语从句修饰journalists，翻译时应前置。
【词汇】 see应译为“想象，设想”；have a clear grasp应译为“清晰领会”；the basic features译为“基本特征；基本要点”；do a competent job中competent由形容词转换为动词，译为“胜任工作”；stories根据上下文应选择“新闻报道”这个意思。
【译文】 事实上，很难设想那些对加拿大宪法的基本要点缺乏清晰了解的新闻记者何以能胜任政治新闻的报道工作。
50) While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories,/ it is preferable/ for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance/ and make their own judgments.
【考点】 状语从句，形式主语
【解析】 复合句。句子主干：it is preferable to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments。it为形式主语，不定式为真正主语，翻译时将不定式的内容直接译出。While引导的是让步状语从句，译成“虽然……，尽管……”。
【词汇】 preferable意为“更可取的，更好的”；enhance意为“提高，丰富，完善”，这里为了使意思更加明确，应增译为“提高……的质量”；notion意为“观念，理解，看法”。
【译文】 尽管律师的见解和反应会提高报道的质量，但新闻记者最好凭借他们自己对重要性的理解自行做出判断。
二、全文翻译
几个世纪以来，对法律的研究一直被看成是欧洲各国大学的一门基础知识学科。然而，只是在最近几年它才成为加拿大大学本科专业的一个特色。46）长久以来，法律知识在这类学校里一直被视为律师们所专有的，而不是一个受教育者的知识素养的必要组成部分。可喜的是，加拿大的许多大学正在树立更传统、更具欧洲大陆特色的法律教育观点，有些大学甚至已经开始授予法律学士学位。
如果有关法律的研究正在开始成为普通教育的重要组成部分，那么它的目标和方法应该会立刻吸引新闻学教育者。法律是一门鼓励进行负责任的判断的学科。一方面，它为分析像公正、民主以及自由这样的概念提供机会；47）另一方面，这一学科把这些概念结合到日常生活中，这与新闻记者每天报道和评论新闻时的做法是相同的。比如，有关证据和事实、基本权利和公众利益这样的概念在新闻判断和新闻制作过程中就如同在法庭上一样发挥作用。通过研读并思考法律来提高判断力是一名新闻记者为其事业应该做的一项知识准备。
48）新闻记者应比普通公民更加透彻地了解法律，而这种看法是基于他们对新闻媒体业已确定的规约和特殊责任的理解。政治，或者更广泛一点，国家的职能，是新闻记者报道的一个主要方面。他们对国家运作的方式了解越多，他们的报道就越优秀。49）事实上，很难设想那些对加拿大宪法的基本要点缺乏清晰了解的新闻记者何以能胜任政治新闻的报道工作。
此外，法律体系以及其中发生的事件是新闻记者报道的主题。虽然与法律有关的新闻报道的性质变化很大，但是许多新闻记者都过分依赖律师提供给他们的解释。50）尽管律师的见解和反应会提高报道的质量，但新闻记者最好凭借他们自己对重要性的理解自行做出判断。要做到这些，只能依靠对法律体系深入准确的理解。
Section III Writing
Part A
一、审题谋篇
本题考查的是公务信函：建议信。建议信是就某事提出写信人的建议和忠告。建议的对象可能是个人，也可能是组织或机构。建议信中可以交代建议的目的、内容，感谢对方考虑你提出的想法，并解释这些建议的潜在益处。
应注意的方面：（一）、不要一味抱怨或指责，要提出具体建议，可以分析现存问题带来的不便之处，也可以提出改进的具体措施。(二)、体现书信的交际功能，考虑读者的感受，有礼貌、有重点地提出建议，易于对方接受。
此次小作文，情景交代非常简单，也没有列出内容提纲，但是所选的题材非常接近学生的实际生活。因此，考试发挥的余地很大，注意不要跑题，是向图书馆提出服务改进方面的建议。题目给出的信息包括：写信的对象(your university library)，写信的目的(making suggestions for improving its service)。
二、参考范文
To Whom It May Concern,
As a frequenter of our library, I have greatly benefited from its resources. Now I am writing to present my suggestions on the further improvement of the library service.
Firstly, I would like to suggest that the library should purchase more books recently published, for the outdated materials are of little value to the students’ study and research. Secondly, on the library’s second floor there is a constant water fall sound which makes reading and concentration almost impossible. Please look into this immediately. Lastly, silent study areas should be always kept noise free. It would be much helpful if the library staff maintain the order on a regular basis.
Many thanks for considering my comments, and I look forward to your response at your earliest convenience.
Sincerely Yours,
Li Ming
三、写作技巧
写作“三步走”：
自我介绍、说明目的—>委婉地提出建议及改进措施，或提出忠告—>礼貌地总结或期盼回复。
提示：
提建议，语言一定要委婉、礼貌，顾及他人感情。在提出缺点之前，最好先肯定其优点。
建议信的行文结构及有用的表达：
第一段，介绍自己，说明写信目的。
I am…
I am sincere to give some suggestions concerning…
I am writing to advice you of improving the quality of your service in the library.
I’d like to give you some suggestions about/ in concern with your service in library.
第二段，委婉提出具体的建议。
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to you for your…, but it would be better if you could do something more in consideration of…
In my opinion, our library should do its best to…
I suggest that…
May I suggest that…?
In order to…, will you please…?
If you could…, the readers will…
What I intend to suggest is that whether you can…
第三段，表达希望和谢意。
Thank you for your attention for this matter.
I hope these suggestions will be useful for you.
Please let me know if I can help you further.
Many thanks for considering my suggestions.
I hope you will give these suggestions your full consideration.
I will highly appreciate your consideration of my proposals.
Part B
一、审题谋篇
07年考查的是图画作文，图片展示的是点球射门时，射门者和守门员头脑中想象内容的对比：射门者把守门员想象得很高大，几乎挡住了球门的全部；而在守门员的想象中，球门很大，自己却很小。此次作文主题比较宽泛，可以是关于自信，乐观，不同的人看问题的角度不同，不同的人有不同的态度，挑战，都不算跑题。
根据题目要求，文章分三段来布局。第一段，简要地描述漫画的内容，首先点明是一场足球赛，然后描述守门员(goalkeeper, goalie)和球员(player, kicker, attacker)的细节，射门球员在关键时刻把守门员想象得过于高大，感觉自己很难把球射中；而守门员把自己想象得太渺小，似乎自己守门成功无望。一些有关足球的名词也可能用到，例如：足球场(field, pitch)，球门(goal)，射门(shoot)，守门(defend the goal)。其它的表达有：minimize oneself(把自己看小)，magnify(放大)，a giant covering the net completely(把网完全挡住的巨人)等。
第二段，阐明该漫画的寓意，指出在面对挑战和困难时，人们总会不自觉地低估自己的能力，缺乏自信。然后指出自信乐观态度的重要性。可以从足球赛引申到我们的生活，生活中面临各种各样的挑战和困难，如生活节奏加快、竞争加剧、考试残酷而就业艰难，都需要我们树立强大的自信，乐观的态度。或者提出不同的人看问题的角度不同，提示要以客观的角度看问题。
第三段，用具体事例支持你的观点。只要贴题，能说明自己的观点，举正面和反面的例子都可以。
二、参考范文
The cartoon illustrates two football players confronting each other before a penalty kick. The kicker is getting ready to shoot on goal while the goalkeeper is about to defend the shot. At the critical moment, interestingly, both of them have lost heart. The attacker who exaggerates the power of his opponent feels anxious about his inability to shoot in. The defender minimizes himself, making it impossible forhim to keep good guard.
The message conveyed in the picture seems to be that people tend to underestimate their abilities and magnify their difficulties when confronted with challenges. The reason is that they are preoccupied with negative thoughts, which will damage their self-belief, confidence and achievements. However, a strong positive attitude can lead to success and even create miracles.
Numerous examples can demonstrate the power of a positive attitude. For instance, there is a fierce competition among high-school graduates in China to pass the National College Entrance Exam. It is not uncommon to find students with positive thinking often excel in the exam finally. Another case in point is Deng Yaping, the intentionally famous athlete. She is very short, but becomes a legend in the world table-tennis field. Her perseverance and strong will enable her to win not only 18 major world champions but also respects from all over the world.
三、写作技巧
第一段，简要描述图片。
What the picture conveys is…
As is vividly depicted/illustrated in the picture that…
The picture symbolically depicts that…
From the picture we can see that…
第二段，解释图片寓意并加以说明。
This picture does reflect a thought-provoking social phenomenon that…
What the picture illustrates is a thought-provoking topic in our daily life.
The purpose of the drawing is to show us that…
Apparently, the purpose of the picture is to emphasize the importance of…
This case effectively clarifies that…
This same principle applies to solving any other problems.
第三段，举出事例证明自己的观点。
Numerous examples can demonstrate the power of a positive attitude.
This sad situation can be best illustrated in our daily life that some people…
Only by…, can we demonstrate grace under pressure and turn our dreams into reality.
