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2017年6月大学英语六级真题试卷及答案（一）

Part I Writing (30 minutes)

(请于正式开考后半小时内完成该部分，之后将进行听力考试)

Directions:Suppose you are asked to give advice on whether to attend a vocational college or a university, write an essay to state your opinion. You are required to write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.

Part II Listening Comprehension (30 minutes)

Section A

Directions:In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。

Questions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

1. A) He would feel insulted.

B) He would feel very sad.

C) He would be embarrassed.

D) He would be disappointed.

2. A) They are worthy of a prize. B) They are of little value.

C) They make good reading. D) They need improvement.

3. A) He seldom writes a book straight through.

B) He writes several books simultaneously.

C) He draws on his real-life experiences.

D) He often turns to his wife for help.

4. A)Writing a book is just like watching a football match.

B)Writers actually work every bit as hard as footballers.

C)He likes watching a football match after finishing a book.

D) Unlike a football match, there is no end to writing a book.

Questions 5 to 8 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

5. A) Achievements of black male athletes in college.

B) Financial assistance to black athletes in college.

C) High college dropout rates among black athletes.

D) Undergraduate enrollments of black athletes.

6. A) They display great talent in every kind of game.

B) They are better at sports than at academic work.

C) They have difficulty finding money to complete their studies.

D) They make money for the college but often fail to earn a degree.

7. A) About 15%. B) Around 40%.

C) Slightly over 50%. D) Approximately 70%.

8. A) Coaches lack the incentive to graduate them. B) College degrees do not count much to them.

C) They have little interest in academic work. D) Schools do not deem it a serious problem.

Section B

Directions: In this section, you will hear two passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear three or four questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question，you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.

Questions9 to 12 are based on the passage you have just heard.

9. A) Marketing strategies.B) Holiday shopping.

C) Shopping malls.D) Online stores.

10. A) About 50% of holiday shoppers. B) About 20-30% of holiday shoppers.

C) About 136 million. D) About 183.8 million.

11. A) They have fewer customers. B) They find it hard to survive.

C) They are thriving once more. D) They appeal to elderly customers.

12. A) Better quality of consumer goods B) Higher employment and wages.

C) Greater varieties of commodities. D) People having more leisure time.

Questions 13 to 15 are based on the passage you have just heard.

13. A) They are new species of big insects.

B) They are overprescribed antibiotics.

C) They are life-threatening diseases.

D) They are antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

14. A) Antibiotics are now in short supply.

B) Many infections are no longer curable.

C) Large amounts of tax money are wasted.

D) Routine operations have become complex.

15. A) Facilities. B) Expertise.

C) Money. D) Publicity.

Section C

Directions: In this section, you will hear three recordings of lectures or talks followed by three or four questions. The recordings will be played only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B)，C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.

Questions 16 to18 are based on the recording you have just heard.

16. A) It is accessible only to the talented.

B) It improves students’ ability to think.

C) It starts a lifelong learning process.

D) It gives birth to many eminent scholars.

17. A) They encourage academic democracy.

B) They promote globalization.

C) They uphold the presidents" authority.

D) They protect students’ rights.

18. A) His thirst for knowledge.

B) His eagerness to find a job.

C) His contempt for authority.

D) His potential for leadership.

Questions 19 to 22 are based on the recording you have just heard.

19. A) Few people know how to retrieve information properly.

B) People can enhance their memory with a few tricks.

C) Most people have a rather poor long-term memory.

D) People tend to underestimate their mental powers.

20. A) They present the states in a surprisingly different order.

B) They include more or less the same number of states.

C) They are exactly the same as is shown in the atlas.

D) They contain names of the most familiar states.

21. A) Focusing on what is likely to be tested.

B) Having a good sleep the night before.

C) Reviewing your lessons where the exam is to lake place.

D) Making sensible decisions while choosing your answers.

22. A) Discover when you can learn best. B) Change your time of study daily.

C) Give yourself a double bonus afterwards. D) Follow the example of a marathon runner.

Questions 23 to 25 are based on the recordingyou have just heard.

23. A) He is a politician. B) He is a businessman.

C) He is a sociologist. D) He is a economist

24. A) In slums. B) In Africa.

C) In pre-industrial societies. D) In developing countries.

25. A) They have no access to health care, let alone entertainment or recreation.

B) Their income is less than 50% of the national average family income.

C) They work extra hours to have their basic needs met.

D) Their children cannot afford to go to private schools.

Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)

Section A

Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices, Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.

Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.

After becoming president of Purdue University in 2013, Mitch Daniels asked the faculty to prove that their students have actually achieved one of higher education’s most important goals: critical thinking skills. Two years before, a nationwide study of college graduates had shown that more than a third hadmade no (26)_______ gains in such mental abilities during their school years. Mr. Daniels needed to(27)_______ the high cost of attending Purdue to its students and their families. After all, the percentageof Americans who say a college degree is “very important” has fallen (28)_______ in the last 5-6 years.

Purdue now has a pilot test to assess students’ critical thinking skills. Yet like many college teachersaround the U.S., the faculty remain (29)_______ that their work as educators can be measured by a“learning (30)_______ ” such as a graduate’s ability to investigate and reason. However, the professorsneed not worry so much. The results of a recent experiment showed that professors can use (31)_______ metrics to measure how well students do in three key areas: critical thinking, written communication, and quantitative literacy.

Despite the success of the experiment, the actual results are worrisome, and mostly (32)_______ earlier studies. The organizers of the experiment concluded that far fewer students were achieving at high levels on critical thinking than they were doing for written communication or quantitative literacy. And that conclusion is based only on students nearing graduation.

American universities, despite their global (33)_______ for excellence in teaching, have only begunto demonstrate what they can produce in real-world learning. Knowledge-based degrees are still important,but employers are (34)_______ advanced thinking skills from college graduates. If the intellectual worthof a college degree can be (35)_______ measured, more people will seek higher education—and comeout better thinkers.

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

Section B

Directions:In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.

The Price of Oil and the Price of Carbon

[A]Fossil fuel prices are likely to stay “low for long.” Notwithstanding important recent progress in developing renewable fuel sources, low fossil fuel prices could discourage further innovation in, and adoption of, cleaner energy technologies. The result would be higher emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.

[B]Policymakers should not allow low energy prices to derail the clean energy transition. Action to restore appropriate price incentives, notably through corrective carbon pricing, is urgently needed to lower the risk of irreversible and potentially devastating effects of climate change. That approach also offers fiscal benefits.

[C]Oil prices have dropped by over 60% since June 2014. A commonly held view in the oil industry is that “the best cure for low oil prices is low oil prices.” The reasoning behind this saying is that low oil prices discourage investment in new production capacity, eventually shifting the oil supply curve backward and bringing prices back up as existing oil fields一which can be tapped at relatively low marginal cost—are depleted. In fact, in line with past experience capital expenditure in the oil sector has dropped sharply in many producing countries, including the United States. The dynamic adjustment to low oil prices may, however, be different this time around.

[D]Oil prices are expected to remain lower for longer. The advent of new technologies has added about 4.2 million barrels per day to the crude oil market, contributing to a global over-supply. In addition, other factors are putting downward pressure on oil prices: change in the strategies behavior of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, the projected increase in Iranian exports, the scaling- down of global demand (especially from emerging markets), the long-term drop in petroleum consumption in the United States, and some displacement of oil by substitutes. These likely persistent forces, like the growth of shale (页岩）oil, point to a “low for long” scenario. Futures markets, which show only a modest recovery of prices to around $60 a barrel by 2019, support this view.

[E]Natural gas and coal—alsofossil fuels—have similarly seen price declines that look to be long-lived. Coal and natural gas are mainly used for electricity generation, whereas oil is used mostly to power transportation, yet the prices of all these energy sources are linked. The North American shale gas boom has resulted in record low prices there. The recent discovery of the giant Zohr gas field off the Egyptian coast will eventually have impact on pricing in the Mediterranean region and Europe, and there is significant development potential in many other places, notably Argentina. Coal prices also are low, owing to over-supply and the scaling-down of demand, especially from China, which bums half of the world’s coal.

[F]Technological innovations have unleashed the power of renewables such as wind, hydro, solar, and geothermal (地热).Even Africa and the Middle East，home to economies that are heavily dependent on fossil fuel exports, have enormous potential to develop renewables. For example, the United Arab Emirates has endorsed an ambitious target to draw 24% of its primary energy consumption from renewable sources by 2021.

[G]Progress in the development of renewables could be fragile, however, if fossil fuel prices remain low for long. Renewables account for only a small share of global primary energy consumption, which is still dominated by fossil fuels—30% each for coal and oil, 25% for natural gas. But renewable energy will have to displace fossil fuels to a much greater extent in the future to avoid unacceptable climate risks.

[H]Unfortunately, the current low prices for oil, gas, and coal may provide little incentive for research to find even cheaper substitutes for those fuels. There is strong evidence that both innovation and adoption of cleaner technology are strongly encouraged by higher fossil fuel prices. The same is true for new technologies for alleviating fossil fuel emissions.

[I]The current low fossil fuel price environment will thus certainly delay the energy transition from fossil fuel to clean energy sources. Unless renewables become cheap enough that substantial carbon deposits are left underground for a very long time, if not forever, the planet will like be exposed to potentially catastrophic climate risks.

[J]Some climate impacts may already be discernible. For example, the United Nations Children Fund estimates that some 11 million children in Africa face hunger, disease, and water shortage as a result of the strongest El Nino (厄尔尼诺）weather phenomenon in decades. Many scientists believe that El Nino events, caused by warming in the Pacific，are becoming more intense as a result of climate change.

[K]Nations from around the world have gathered in Paris for the United Nations Climate Change Conference, COP 21, with the goal of a universal and potentially legally-binding agreement reducing greenhouse gas emissions. We need very broad participation to fully address global tragedy that results when countries fail to take into account the negative impact of their carbon emissions on the rest of the world. Moreover, non-participation by nations, if sufficiently widespread, can undermine the political will of participating countries to act.

[L]The nations participating at COP 21 are focusing on quantitative emissions-reduction commitments. Economic reasoning shows that the least expensive way for each country is to put a price on carbon emissions. The reason is that when carbon is priced, those emissions reductions that are least costly to implement will happen first. The International Monetary Fund calculates that countries can generate substantial fiscal revenues by eliminating fossil fuel subsidies and levying carbon charges that capture the domestic damage caused by emissions. A tax on upstream carbon sources is one easy way to put a price on carbon emissions, although some countries may wish to use other methods, such as emissions trading schemes. In order to maximize global welfare, every country’s carbon pricing should reflect not only the purely domestic damage from emissions, but also the damage to foreign countries.

[M]Setting the right carbon price will therefore efficiently align the costs paid by carbon users with the true social opportunity cost of using carbon. By raising relative demand for clean energy sources，a carbon price would also help align the market return to clean-energy innovation with its social return, spurring the refinement of existing technologies and the development of new ones. And it would raise the demand for technologies such as carbon capture and storage, spurring their further development. If not corrected by the appropriate carbon price, low fossil fuel prices are not accurately signaling to markets the true social profitability of clean energy. While alternative estimates of the damage from carbon emissions differ, and it’s especially hard to reckon the likely costs of possible catastrophic climate events, most estimates suggest substantial negative effects.

[N]Direct subsidies to research and development have been adopted by some governments but are a poor substitute for a carbon price; they do only part of the job, leaving in place market incentives to overuse fossil fuels and thereby add to the stock of atmospheric greenhouse gases without regard to the collateral (附带的）costs.

[O]The hope is that the success of COP 21 opens the door to future international agreement on carbon prices. Agreement on an international carbon-price floor would be a good starting point in that process. Failure to address comprehensively the problem of greenhouse gas emissions, however, exposes all generations, present and future, to incalculable risks.

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

36.A number of factors are driving down the global oil prices not just for now but in the foreseeable future.

37. Pricing carbon proves the most economical way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

38. It is estimated that extreme weather conditions have endangered the lives of millions of African
children.

39. The prices of coal are low as a result of over-supply and decreasing demand.

40. Higher fossil fuel prices prove to be conducive to innovation and application of cleaner technology.

41. If fossil fuel prices remain low for a long time, it may lead to higher emissions of greenhouse gases.

42. Fossil fuels remain the major source of primary energy consumption in today"s world.

43. Even major fossil fuel exporting countries have great potential to develop renewable energies.

44. Greenhouse gas emissions, if not properly dealt with, will pose endless risks for mankind.

45. It is urgent for governments to increase the cost of using fossil fuels to an appropriate level to lessen the catastrophic effects of climate change.

Section C

Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2with a single line through the centre.

Passage One

Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.

Open data sharers are still in the minority in many fields. Although many researchers broadly agree that public access to raw data would accelerate science, most are reluctant to post the results of their own labors online.

Some communities have agreed to share online—geneticists, for example, post DNA sequences at the GenBank repository (库)，and astronomers are accustomed to accessing images of galaxies and stars from, say, the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, a telescope that has observed some 500 million objects—but these remain the exception, not the rule. Historically, scientists have objected to sharing for many reasons: it is a lot of work; until recently, good databases did not exist; grant funders were not pushing for sharing; it has been difficult to agree on standards for formatting data; and there is no agreed way to assign credit for data.

But the barriers are disappearing, in part because journals and funding agencies worldwide are encouraging scientists to make their data public. Last year, the Royal Society in London said in its report that scientists need to “shift away from a research culture where data is viewed as a private preserve”. Funding agencies note that data paid for with public money should be public information and the scientific community is recognizing that data can now be shared digitally in ways that were not possible before. To match the growing demand, services are springing up to make it easier to publish research products online and enable other researchers to discover and cite them.

Although calls to share data often concentrate on the moral advantages of sharing, the practice is not purely altruistic (利他的).Researchers who share get plenty of personal benefits, including more connections with colleagues, improved visibility and increased citations. The most successful sharers— those whose data are downloaded and cited the most often—get noticed, and their work gets used. For example, one of the most popular data sets on multidisciplinary repository Dryad is about wood density around the world; it has been downloaded 5,700 times. Co-author Amy Zanne thinks that users probably range from climate-change researchers wanting to estimate how much carbon is stored in biomass, to foresters looking for information on different grades of timber. “I’d much prefer to have my data used by the maximum number of people to ask their own questions,” she says. “It，s important to allow readers and reviewers to see exactly how you arrive at your results. Publishing data and code allows your science to be reproducible.”

Even people whose data are less popular can benefit. By making the effort to organize and label files so others can understand them, scientists become more organized and better disciplined themselves, thus avoiding confusion later on.

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

What do many researchers generally accept?

46.A) It is imperative to protect scientists’ patents.

B) Repositories are essential to scientific research.

C) Open data sharing is most important to medical science.

D) Open data sharing is conducive to scientific advancement.

47.What is the attitude of most researchers towards making their own data public?

A) Opposed. B) Ambiguous.

C) Liberal. D) Neutral.

48.According to the passage，what might hinder open data sharing?

A) The fear of massive copying.

B) The lack of a research culture.

C) The belief that research data is private intellectual property.

D) The concern that certain agencies may make a profit out of it.

49.What helps lift some of the barriers to open data sharing?

A) The ever-growing demand for big data. B) The advancement of digital technology.

C) The changing attitude of journals and funders. D) The trend of social and economic development.

50.Dryad serves as an example to show how open data sharing_______.

A) is becoming increasingly popular B) benefits sharers and users alike

C) makes researchers successful D) saves both money and labor

Passage Two

Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.

Macy’s reported its sales plunged 5.2% in November and December at stores open more than a year, a disappointing holiday season performance that capped a difficult year for a department store chain facing wide-ranging challenges. Its flagship stores in major U.S. cities depend heavily on international tourist spending, which shrank at many retailers due to a strong dollar. Meanwhile, Macy’s has simply struggled to lure consumers who are more interested in spending on travel or dining out than on new clothes or accessories.

The company blamed much of the poor performance in November and December on unseasonably warm weather. “About 80% of our company’s year-over-year declines in comparable sales can be attributed to shortfalls (短缺）in cold-weather goods，” said chief executive Terry Lundgren in a press release. This prompted the company to cut its forecasts for the full fourth quarter.

However, it’s clear that Macy’s believes its troubles run deeper than a temporary aberration (偏 离）off the thermometer. The retail giant said the poor financial performance this year has pushed it to begin implementing $400 million in cost-cutting measures. The company pledged to cut 600 back-office positions, though some 150 workers in those roles would be reassigned to other jobs. It also pluns to offer “voluntary separation” packages to 165 senior executives. It will slash staffing at its fleet of 770 stores, a move affecting some 3,000 employees.

The retailer also announced the locations of 36 stores it will close in early 2016. The company had previously announced the planned closures, but had not said which locations would be affected. None of the chain’s stores in the Washington metropolitan area are to be closed.

Macy’s has been moving aggressively to try to remake itself for a new era of shopping. It has plans to open more locations of Macy’s Backstage, a newly-developed off-price concept which might help it better compete with ambitious T.J. Maxx. It’s also pushing ahead in 2016 with an expansion of Bluemercury, the beauty chain it bought last year. At a time when young beauty shoppers are often turning to Sephora or Ulta instead of department store beauty counters, Macy’s hopes Bluemercury will help strengthen its position in the category.

One relative bright spot for Macy’s during the holiday season was the online channel, where rang up “double-digit” increases in sales and a 25% increase in the number of orders it filled. That relative strength

would be consistent with what was seen in the wider retail industry during early part of the holiday season. While Thanksgiving, Black Friday and Cyber Monday all saw record spending online, in-store sales plunged over the holiday weekend.

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

51. What does the author say about the shrinking spending of international tourists in the U.S.?

A) It is attributable to the rising value of the U.S. dollar.

B) It is a direct result of the global economic recession.

C) It reflects a shift of their interest in consumer goods.

D) It poses a potential threat to the retail business in the U.S.

52. What does Macy’s believe about its problems?

A) They can be solved with better management.

B) They cannot be attributed to weather only.

C) They are not as serious in its online stores.

D) They call for increased investments.

53. In order to cut costs, Macy’s decided to_______.

A) cut the salary of senior executives

B) relocate some of its chain stores

C) adjust its promotion strategies

D) reduce the size of its staff

54. Why does Macy’s plan to expand Bluemercury in 2016?

A) To experiment on its new business concept.

B) To focus more on beauty products than clothing.

C) To promote sales of its products by lowering prices.

D) To be more competitive in sales of beauty products.

55. What can we learn about Macy’s during the holiday season?

A) Sales dropped sharply in its physical stores.

B) Its retail sales exceeded those of T.J. Maxx.

C) It helped Bluemercury establish its position worldwide.

D) It filled its stores with abundant supply of merchandise.

Part IV Translation (30 minutes)

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.

明朝统治中国276年，被人们描绘成人类历史上治理有序、社会稳定的最伟大的时代之一。 这一时期，手工业的发展促进了市场经济和城市化。大量商品，包括酒和丝绸，都在市场销售。同时，还进口许多外国商品，如时钟和烟草。北京、南京、扬州、苏州这样的大商业中心相继形成。也是在明代，由郑和率领的船队曾到印度洋进行了七次规模探险航行。还值得一提的是，中国文学的四大经典名著中有三部写于明代。

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

快速对答案

2017年6月大学英语六级真题试卷及答案（二）

Part I Writing (30 minutes)

(请于正式开考后半小时内完成该部分，之后将进行听力考试)

Directions:Suppose you are asked to give advice on whether to major in science or humanities at college， write an essay to state your opinion. You are required to write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.

Part II Listening Comprehension (30 minutes)

Section A

Directions:In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。

Questions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

1.

A) Doing enjoyable work.

B) Earning a competitive salary.

C) Having friendly colleagues.

D) Working for supportive bosses.

2. A) 20%.

B) 25%.

C)31%.

D) 73%.

3. A) Those full of skilled workers.

B) Those that are well managed.

C) Those run by women.

D) Those of a small size.

4. A) They can win recognition of their work.

B) They can better balance work and life.
C) They can hop from job to job easily.

D) They can take on more than one job.

Questions 5 to 8 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

5. A) It is a collection of photos. B) It is an introduction to music.

C) It is about the city of Bruges. D) It is a book of European history.

6.A) When writing about Belgium’s coastal regions.

B) When taking pictures for a concert catalogue.

C) When vacationing in an Italian coastal city.

D) When painting the concert hall of Bruges.

7.A) The rich heritage of Europe will be lost completely.

B)The seawater of Europe will be seriously polluted.

C) The entire European coastline will be submerged.

D)The major European scenic spots will disappear.

8.A) Tourists use wooden paths to reach their hotels in the morning.

B)It attracts large numbers of tourists from home and abroad.

C) People cannot get around without using boats.

D)Its waterways are being increasingly polluted.

Section B

Directions: In this section, you will hear two passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear three or four questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question，you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.

Questions9 to 12 are based on the passage you have just heard.

9.A) They try hard to avoid getting off on the wrong foot.

B)They spend too much time anticipating their defeat.

C) They take too many irrelevant factors into account.

D) They make careful preparations beforehand.

10.A) Mental images often interfere with athletes’ performance.

B)Golfers usually have positive mental images of themselves.

C) Thinking has the same effect on the nervous system as doing.

D) A person’s nervous system is more complicated than imagined.

11.A) Anticipate possible problems.

B) Make a list of do’s and don’ts.

C) Try to appear more professional.

D) Picture themselves succeeding.

12.A) She won her first jury trial. B) She wore a designer dress.

C) She presented moving pictures. D) She did not speak loud enough.

Questions 13 to 15 are based on the passage you have just heard.

13.A) It enables patients with diabetes to recover sooner.

B)Its health benefits have been overestimated.

C) Its long-term effects are yet to be proved.

D) It helps people to avoid developing breast cancer.

14.A) It tracked their eating habits since their adolescence.

B)It focused on their difference from men in fiber intake.

C) It tracked their change in food preferences for 20 years.

D) It focused on their ways of life during young adulthood.

15.A) Fiber may bring more benefits to women than men.

B)Fiber may improve the function of heart muscles.

C) Fiber may make blood circulation more smooth.

D) Fiber may help to reduce hormones in the body.

Section C

Directions: In this section, you will hear three recordings of lectures or talks followed by three or four questions. The recordings will be played only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B)，C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.

Questions 16 to18 are based on the recording you have just heard.

16.A) Investigating the impact of media on government.

B)Studying the hazards of young people drinking.

C) Conducting research on consumer behaviour.

D) Observing the changes in marketing.

17.A) It is a chief concern of parents. B) It is an act of socialising.

C) It is the cause of many street riots. D) It is getting worse year by year.

18.A) They researched the impact of mobile phones on young people.

B)They spent a week studying their own purchasing behaviour.

C) They conducted a thorough research on advertising.

D) They analysed their family budgets over the years.

Questions 19 to 22 are based on the recording you have just heard.

19. A) It is likely to give up paper money in the near future.

B) It is the first country to use credit cards in the world.

C) It is trying hard to do away with dirty money.

D) It is helping its banks to improve efficiency.

20. A) Whether it is possible to travel without carrying any physical currency.

B)Whether it is possible to predict how much money one is going to spend.

C) Whether the absence of physical currency is going to affect everyday life.

D) Whether the absence of physical currency causes a person to spend more.

21.A) The cash in her handbag was missing. B) The service on the train was not good.

C) The restaurant car accepted cash only. D) There was no food service on the train.

22.A) By drawing money week by week. B) By putting money into envelopes.

C) By limiting their day-to-day spending. D) By refusing to buy anything on credit.

Questions 23 to 25 are based on the recordingyou have just heard.

23. A) Population explosion. B) Extinction of rare species.

C) Chronic hunger. D) Environmental deterioration.

24. A) About half of them are unintended. B) They contribute to overpopulation.

C) They have been brought under control. D) The majority of them tend to end halfway.

25. A) It is beginning to attract postgraduates’ attention.

B) It is neglected in many of the developing countries.

C) It is becoming a subject of interdisciplinary research.

D) It is essential to the wellbeing of all species on earth.

Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)

Section A

Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices, Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.

Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.

Let’s all stop judging people who talk to themselves. New research says that those who can’t seem to

keep their inner monologues (独白）in are actually more likely to stay on task, remain (26)_______betterand show improved perception capabilities. Not bad, really, for some extra muttering.

According to a series of experiments published in the Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

by professors Gary Lupyan and Daniel Swignley, the act of using verbal clues to (27)_______mentalpictures helps people function quicker.

In one experiment, they showed pictures of various objects to twenty (28) _______;andasked them

to find just one of those, a banana. Half were (29)_______to repeat out loud what they were looking forand the other half kept their lips (30)_______Those who talked to themselves found the banana slightlyfaster than those who didn’t, the researchers say. In other experiments, Lupyan and Swignley found that(31)_______the name of a common product when on the hunt for it helped quicken someone’s pace，buttalking about uncommon items showed no advantage and slowed you down.

Common research has long held that talking themselves through a task helps children learn, although

doing so when you’ve (32)_______matured is not a great sign of (33)_______. The two professors hope

to refute that idea, (34)_______that just as when kids walk themselves through a process, adults canbenefit from using language not just to communicate, but also to help “augment thinking”.

Of course, you are still encouraged to keep the talking at library tones and, whatever you do, keep theinformation you share simple, like a grocery list. At any (35)_______，there’s still such a thing as too

much information.

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

Section B

Directions:In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.

Rich Children and Poor Ones Are Raised Very Differently

[A]The lives of children from rich and poor American families look more different than ever before.

[B]Well-off families are ruled by calendars, with children enrolled in ballet, soccer and after-school programs, according to a new Pew Research Center survey. There are usually two parents, who spend a lot of time reading to children and worrying about their anxiety levels and hectic schedules.

[C]In poor families, meanwhile, children tend to spend their time at home or with extended family. They are more likely to grow up in neighborhoods that their parents say aren’t great for raising children, and their parents worry about them getting shot, beaten up or in trouble with the law.

[D]The class differences in child rearing are growing — a symptom of widening inequality with far- reaching consequences. Different upbringings set children on different paths and can deepen socioeconomic divisions, especially because education is strongly linked to earnings. Children grow up learning the skills to succeed in their socioeconomic stratum (阶层)，but not necessarily others.

[E]“Early childhood experiences can be very consequential for children’s long-term social, emotional and cognitive development,’’said Sean Reardon, professor of poverty and inequality in education at Stanford University. “And because those influence educational success and later earnings, early childhood experiences cast a lifelong shadow.” The cycle continues: Poor parents have less time and fewer resources to invest in their children, which can leave children less prepared for school and work, which leads to lower earnings.

[F]American parents want similar things for their children, the Pew report and past research have found: for them to be healthy and happy, honest and ethical, caring and compassionate. There is no best parenting style or philosophy, researchers say, and across income groups, 92% of parents say they are doing a good job at raising their children. Yet they are doing it quite differently. Middle-class and higher-income parents see their children as projects in need of careful cultivation, says Annette Lareau, whose groundbreaking research on the topic was published in her book Unequal Childhoods: Class, Race and Family Life. They try to develop their skills through close supervision and organized activities, and teach children to question authority figures and navigate elite institutions.

[G]Working-class parents, meanwhile, believe their children will naturally thrive, and give them far greater independence and time for free play. They are taught to be compliant and respectful to adults. There are benefits to both approaches. Working-class children are happier, more independent, complain less and are closer to family members, Ms. Lareau found. Higher-income children are more likely to declare boredom and expect their parents to solve their problems. Yet later on, the more affluent children end up in college and on the way to the middle class, while working-class children tend to struggle. Children from higher-income families are likely to have the skills to navigate bureaucracies and succeed in schools and workplaces, Ms. Lareau said.

[H]“Do all parents want the most success for their children? Absolutely,” she said. “Do some strategies give children more advantages than others in institutions? Probably they do. Will parents be damaging children if they have one fewer organized activity? No, I really doubt it.”

[I]Social scientists say the differences arise in part because low-income parents have less money to spend on music class or preschool, and less flexible schedules to take children to museums or attend school events. Extracurricular activities reflect the differences in child rearing in the Pew survey, which was of a nationally representative sample of 1,807 parents. Of families earning more that $75,000 a year, 84% say their children have participated in organized sports over the past year, 64% have done volunteer work and 62% have taken lessons in music, dance or art. Of families earning less than $30,000, 59% of children have done sports, 37% have volunteered and 41% have taken arts classes.

[J]Especially in affluent families, children start young. Nearly half of high-earning, college-graduate parents enrolled their children in arts classes before they were 5, compared with one.fifth of low- income, less-educated parents. Nonetheless, 20% of well-off parents say their children’s schedules are too hectic, compared with 8% of poorer parents.

[K]Another example is reading aloud, which studies have shown gives children bigger vocabularies and better reading comprehension in school. 71% of parents with a college degree say they do it every day, compared with 33% of those with a high school diploma or less. White parents are more likely than other to read to their children daily, as are married parents. Most affluent parents enroll their children in preschool or day care, while low-income parents are more likely to depend on family members. Discipline techniques vary by education level: 8% of those with a postgraduate degree say they often beat their children, compared with 22% of those with a high school degree or less.

[L]The survey also probed attitudes and anxieties. Interestingly, parents’ attitudes toward education do not seem to reflect their own educational background as much as a belief in the importance of education for upward mobility. Most American parents say they are not concerned about their children’s grades as long as they work hard. But 50% of poor parents say it is extremely important to them that their children earn a college degree, compared with 39% of wealthier parents. f

[M]Less-educated parents, and poorer and black and Latino parents are more likely to believe that there is no such thing as too much involvement in a child’s education. Parents who are white, wealthy or college-educated say too much involvement can be bad. Parental anxieties reflect their circumstances. High-earning parents are much more likely to say they live in a good neighborhood for raising children. While bullying is parents’ greatest concern over all, nearly half of low-income parents worry their child will get shot, compared with one-fifth of high-income parents. They are more worried about their children being depressed or anxious.

[N]In the Pew survey, middle-class families earning between $30,000 and $75,000 a year fell right between working-class and high-earning parents on issues like the quality of their neighborhood for raising children, participation in extracurricular activities and involvement in their children’s education.

[O]Children were not always raised so differently. The achievement gap between children from high- and low-income families is 30-40% larger among children born in 2001 than those born 25 years earlier, according to Mr. Reardon’s research. People used to live near people of different income levels; neighborhoods are now more segregated by income. More than a quarter of children live in singleparent households — a historic high, according to Pew — and these children are three times as likely to live in poverty as those who live with married parents. Meanwhile, growing income inequality has coincided with the increasing importance of a college degree for earning a middle-class wage.

[P]Yet there are recent signs that the gap could be starting to shrink. In the past decade, even as income inequality has grown, some of the socioeconomic differences in parenting, like reading to children and going to libraries, have narrowed.

[Q] Public policies aimed at young children have helped, including public preschool programs and reading initiatives. Addressing differences in the earliest years, it seems, could reduce inequality in the next, generation.

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

36.Working-class parents teach their children to be obedient and show respect to adults.

37.American parents, whether rich or poor, have similar expectations of their children despite different ways of parenting.

38.While rich parents are more concerned with their children’s psychological well-being, poor parents are more worried about their children’s safety.

39.The increasing differences in child rearing between rich and poor families reflect growing social inequality.

40.Parenting approaches of working-class and affluent families both have advantages.

41.Higher-income families and working-class families now tend to live in different neighborhoods.

42.Physical punishment is used much less by well-educated parents.

43.Ms. Lareau doesn’t believe participating in fewer after-class activities will negatively affect children’s development.

44.Wealthy parents are concerned about their children’s mental health and busy schedules.

45.Some socioeconomic differences in child rearing have shrunk in the past ten years.

Section C

Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2with a single line through the centre.

Passage One

Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.

Tennessee’s technical and community colleges will not outsource (夕卜包）management of their facilities to a private company, a decision one leader said was bolstered by an analysis of spending at each campus.

In an email sent Monday to college presidents in the Tennessee Board of Regents system, outgoing Chancellor John Morgan said an internal analysis showed that each campus’ spending on facilities management fell well below the industry standards identified by the state. Morgan said those findings — which included data from the system’s 13 community colleges, 27 technical colleges and six universities 一 were part of the decision not to move forward with Governor Bill Haslam’s proposal to privatize management of state buildings in an effort to save money.

“While these numbers are still being validated by the state, we feel any adjustments they might suggest will be immaterial,” Morgan wrote to the presidents. “System institutions are operating very efficiently based on this analysis, raising the question of the value of pursuing a broad scale outsourcing initiative.”

Workers，advocates have criticized Haslam’s plan, saying it would mean some campus workers would lose their jobs or benefits. Haslam has said colleges would be free to opt in or out of the outsourcing plan, which has not been finalized.

Morgan notified the Haslam administration of his decision to opt out in a letter sent last week. That letter, which includes several concerns Morgan has with the plan, was originally obtained by The Commercial Appeal in Memphis.

In an email statement from the state’s Office of Customer Focused Government, which is examining the possibility of outsourcing, spokeswoman Michelle R. Martin said officials were still working to analyze the data from the Board of Regents. Data on management expenses at the college system and in other state departments will be part of a “business justification” the state will use as officials deliberate the specifics of an outsourcing plan.

“The state’s facilities management project team is still in the process of developing its business justification and expects to have that completed and available to the public at the end of February,Martin said. “At this time there is nothing to take action on since the analysis has yet to be completed.”

Morgan’s comments on outsourcing mark the second time this month that he has come out against one of Haslam’s plans for higher education in Tennessee. Morgan said last week that he would retire at the end of January because of the governor’s proposal to split off six universities of the Board of Regents system and create separate governing boards for each of them. In his resignation letter, Morgan called the reorganization “unworkable.”

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

46.What do we learn about the decision of technical and community colleges in Tennessee?

A) It is backed by a campus spending analysis. B) It has been flatly rejected by the governor.

C) It has neglected their faculty’s demands. D) It will improve their financial situation.

47.What does the campus spending analysis reveal?

A) Private companies play a big role in campus management.

B) Facilities management by colleges is more cost-effective.

C) Facilities management has greatly improved in recent years.

D) Colleges exercise full control over their own financial affairs.

48.Worker’ supporters argue that Bill Haslam’s proposal would_______.

A) deprive colleges of the right to manage their facilities

B) make workers less motivated in performing duties

C) render a number of campus workers jobless

D) lead to the privatization of campus facilities

49.What do we learn from the state spokeswoman’s response to John Morgan’s decision?

A) The outsourcing plan is not yet finalized.

B) The outsourcing plan will be implemented.

C) The state officials are confident about the outsourcing plan.

D) The college spending analysis justifies the outsourcing plan.

50.Why did John Morgan decide to resign?

A) He had lost confidence in the Tennessee state government.

B) He disagreed with the governor on higher education policies.

C) He thought the state’s outsourcing proposal was simply unworkable.

D) He opposed the governor’s plan to reconstruct the college board system.

Passage Two

Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.

Beginning in the late sixteenth century, it became fashionable for young aristocrats to visit Paris, Venice, Florence, and above all, Rome, as the culmination (终极）of their classical education. Thus was born the idea of the Grand Tour, a practice which introduced Englishmen, Germans, Scandinavians, and also Americans to the art and culture of France and Italy for the next 300 years. Travel was arduous and costly throughout the period, possible only for a privileged class — the same that produced gentlemen scientists, authors, antique experts, and patrons of the arts.

The Grand Tourist was typically a young man with a thorough grounding in Greek and Latin literature as well as some leisure time, some means, and some interest in art. The German traveler Johann Winckelmann pioneered the field of art history with his comprehensive study of Greek and Roman sculpture; he was portrayed by his friend Anton Raphael Mengs at the beginning of his long residence in Rome. Most Grand Tourists, however, stayed for briefer periods and set out with less scholarly intentions, accompanied by a teacher or guardian, and expected to return home with souvenirs of their travels as well as an understanding of art and architecture formed by exposure to great masterpieces.

London was a frequent staring point for Grand Tourists, and Paris a compulsory destination; many traveled to the Netherlands, some to Switzerland and Germany, and a very few adventurers to Spain, Greece, or Turkey. The essential place to visit, however, was Italy. The British traveler Charles Thompson spoke for many Grand Tourists when in 1744 he described himself as “being impatiently desirous of viewing a country so famous in history, a country which once gave laws to the world, and which is at present the greatest school of music and painting, contains the noblest productions of sculpture and architecture, and is filled with cabinets of rarities, and collections of all kinds of historical relics.” Within Italy, the great focus was Rome, whose ancient ruins and more recent achievements were shown to every Grand Tourist. Panini’s Ancient Rome and Modem Rome represent the sights most prized, including celebrated Greco-Roman statues and views of famous ruins, fountains, and churches. Since there were few museums anywhere in Europe before the close of the eighteenth century, Grand Tourists often saw paintings and sculptures by gaining admission to private collections, and many were eager to acquire examples of Greco-Roman and Italian art for their own collections. In England, where architecture was increasingly seen as an aristocratic pursuit, noblemen often applied what they learned from the villas of Palladio in the Veneto and the evocative (唤起回忆的）ruins of Rome to their own country houses and gardens.

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

51. What is said about the Grand Tour?

A)It was fashionable among young people of the time.

B)It was unaffordable for ordinary people.

C)It produced some famous European artists.

D)It made a compulsory part of college education.

52.What did Grand Tourists have in common?

A)They had much geographic knowledge.

B)They were courageous and venturesome.

C)They were versed in literature and interested in art.

D)They had enough travel and outdoor-life experience.

53.How did Grand Tourists benefit from their travel?

A)They found inspiration in the world’s greatest masterpieces.

B)They got a better understanding of early human civilization.

C)They developed an interest in the origin of modem art forms.

D)They gained some knowledge of classical art and architecture.

54.Why did many Grand Tourists visit the private collections?

A)They could buy unique souvenirs there to take back home.

B)Europe hardly had any museums before the 19th century.

C)They found the antiques there more valuable.

D)Private collections were of greater variety.

55.How did the Grand Tour influence the architecture in England?

A)There appeared more and more Roman-style buildings.

B)Many aristocrats began to move into Roman-style villas.

C)Aristocrats’ country houses all had Roman-style gardens.

D)Italian architects were hired to design houses and gardens.

Part IV Translation (30 minutes)

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.

宋朝始于960年，一直延续到1279年。这一时期，中国经济大幅增长，成为世界上最先进的经 济体，科学、技术、哲学和数学蓬勃发展。宋代中国是世界历史上首先发行纸币的国家。宋朝还 最早使用火药并发明了适室（movable-type)印刷。人口增长迅速，越来越多的人住进城市，那里 有热闹的娱乐场所。社会生活多种多样。人们聚集在一起观看和交易珍贵艺术品。宋朝的政府体 制在当时也是先进的。政府官员均通过竞争性考试选拔作用。

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

快速对答案

2017年6月大学英语六级真题试卷及答案（三）

Part I Writing (30 minutes)

(请于正式开考后半小时内完成该部分，之后将进行听力考试)

Directions:Suppose you are asked to give advice on whether to attend college at home or abroad, write an essay to state your opinion. You are required to write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.

Part II Listening Comprehension (30 minutes)

说明：2017年6月大学英语六级考试全国共考了两套听力.本套的听力内容与第二套相同，因此本套听力部分不再重复给出。

Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)

Section A

Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices, Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.

Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.

Half of your brain stays alert and prepared for danger when you sleep in a new place, a study hasrevealed. This phenomenon is often (26)_______to as the “first-night-effect”. Researchers from BrownUniversity found that a network in the left hemisphere of the brain “remained more active” than the network in the right side of the brain. Playing sounds into the right ears (stimulating the left hemisphere) of (27)_______ was more likely to wake them up than if the noises were played into their left ears.

It was (28)_______ observed that the left side of the brain was more active during deep sleep. Whenthe researchers repeated the laboratory experiment on the second and third nights they found the left hemisphere could not be stimulated in the same way during deep sleep. The researchers explained thatthe study demonstrated when we are in a (29)_______ environment the brain partly remains alert so thathumans can defend themselves against any (30) _______ danger.

The researchers believe this is the first time that the “first-night-effect” of different brain stateshas been (31)_______ in humans. It isn’t, however, the first time it has ever been seen. Some animal(32)_______ also display this phenomenon. For example, dolphins, as well as other (33)_______ animals, shut down one hemisphere of the brain when they go to sleep. A previous study noted thatdolphins always (34)_______ control their breathing. Without keeping the brain active while sleeping,they would probably drown. But, as the human study suggests, another reason for dolphins keepingtheir eyes open during sleep is that they can look out for (35) _______ while asleep. It also keeps theirphysiological processes working.

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

Section B

Directions:In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.

Elite Math Competitions Struggle to Diversify Their Talent Pool

[A]Interest in elite high school math competitions has grown in recent years, and in light of last summer’s U.S. win at the International Math Olympiad (IMO)-the first for an American team in more than two decades-the trend is likely to continue.

[B]But will such contests, which are overwhelmingly dominated by Asian and white students from middle- class and affluent families, become any more diverse? Many social and cultural factors play roles in determining which promising students get on the path toward international math recognition. But efforts are in place to expose more black, Hispanic, and low-income students to advanced math, in the hope that the demographic pool of high-level contenders will eventually begin to shift and become less exclusive.

[C]“The challenge is if certain types of people are doing something, it’s difficult for other people to break into it，” said Po-Shen Loh, the head coach of last year’s winning U.S. Math Olympiad team. Participation grows through friends and networks and if “you realize that’s how they’re growing, you can start to take action” and bring in other students, he said.

[D]Most of the training for advanced-math competitions happens outside the confines of the normal school day. Students attend after-school clubs, summer camps, online forums and classes, and university-based “math circles,” to prepare for the competitions.

[E]One of the largest feeders for high school math competitions一including those that eventually lead to the IMO—is a middle school program called MathCounts. About 100,000 students around the country participate in the program’s competition series, which culminates in a national game-show-style contest held each May. The most recent one took place last week in Washington, D.C. Students join a team through their schools, which provide a volunteer coach and pay a nominal fee to send students to regional and state competitions. The 224 students who make it to the national competition get an all- expenses-paid trip.

[F]Nearly all members of last year’s winning U.S. IMO team took part in MathCounts as middle school students, as did Loh, the coach. “Middle school is an important age because students have enough math capability to solve advanced problems, but they haven’t really decided what they want to do with their lives,” said Loh. “They often get hooked then.”

[G]Another influential feeder for advanced-math students is an online school called Art of Problem Solving, which began about 13 years ago and now has 15,000 users. Students use forums to chat, play games, and solve problems together at no cost, or they can pay a few hundred dollars to take courses with trained teachers. According to Richard Rusczyk, the company founder, the six U.S. team members who competed at the IMO last year collectively took more than 40 courses on the site. Parents of advanced-math students and MathCounts coaches say the children are on the website constantly.

[H]There are also dozens of summer camps―many attached to universities—that aim to prepare elite math students. Some are pricey~~a three-week intensive program can cost $4,500 or more—but most offer scholarships. The Math Olympiad Summer Training Program is a three-week math camp held by the Mathematical Association of America that leads straight to the international championship and is free for those who make it. Only about 50 students are invited based on their performance on written tests and at the USA Math Olympiad.

[I]Students in university towns may also have access to another lever for involvement in accelerated math: math circles. In these groups, which came out of an Eastern European tradition of developing young talent, professors teach promising K-12 students advanced mathematics for several hours after school or on weekends. The Los Angeles Math Circle, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, began in 2007 with 20 students and now has more than 250. “These math circles cost nothing, or they’re very cheap for students to get involved in, but you have to know about them,” said Rusczyk. “Most people would love to get students from more underserved populations, but they just can’t get them in the door. Part of it is communication; part of it is transportation.”

[J]It’s no secret in the advanced-math community that diversity is a problem. According to Mark Saul, the director of competitions for the Mathematical Association of America, not a single African-American or Hispanic student—and only a handful of girls―has ever made it to the Math Olympiad team in its 50 years of existence. Many schools simply don’t prioritize academic competitions. “Do you know who we have to beat?” asked Saul. “The football team, the basketball team—that’s our competition for resources, student time, attention, school dollars, parent efforts, school enthusiasm.”

[K]Teachers in low-income urban and rural areas with no history of participating in math competitions may not know about advanced-math opportunities like MathCounts—and those who do may not have support or feel trained to lead them.

[L]But there are initiatives in place to try to get more underrepresented students involved in accelerated math. A New York City-based nonprofit called Bridge to Enter Mathematics runs a residential summer program aimed at getting underserved students, mostly black and Hispanic, working toward math and science careers. The summer after 7th grade, students spend three weeks on a college campus studying advanced math for seven hours a day. Over the next five years, the group helps the students get into other elite summer math programs, high-performing high schools, and eventually college. About 250 students so far have gone through the program, which receives funding from the Jack Kent Cooke Foundation.

[M]“If you look at a lot of low-income communities in the United States, there are programs that are serving them, but they’re primarily centered around ‘Let’s get these kids’ grades up，’ and not around ‘let’s get these kids access to the same kinds of opportunities as more-affluent kids，’” said Daniel Zaharopol, the founder and executive director of the program. “We’re trying to create that pathway.” Students apply to the program directly through their schools. “We want to reach parents who are not plugged into the system，” said Zaharopol.

[N]In the past few years, MathCounts added two new middle school programs to try to diversify its participant pool一the National Math Club and the Math Video Challenge. Schools or teachers who sign up for the National Math Club receive a kit fall of activities and resources, but there’s no special teacher training and no competition attached.

[O]The Math Video Challenge is a competition, but a collaborative one. Teams of four students make a video illustrating a math problem and its real-world application. After the high-pressure Countdown round at this year’s national MathCounts competition, in which the top 12 students went head to head solving complex problems in rapid fire, the finalists for the Math Video Challenge took the stage to show their videos. The demographics of that group looked quite different from those in the competition round~of the 16 video finalists, 13 were girls and eight were African-American students. The video challenge does not put individual students on the hot seat—so it’s less intimidating by design. It also adds the element of artistic creativity to attract a new pool of students who may not see themselves as “math people.”

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

36.Middle school is a crucial period when students may become keenly interested in advanced mathematics.

37.Elite high school math competitions are attracting more interest throughout the United States.

38.Math circles provide students with access to advanced-math training by university professors.

39.Students may take advantage of online resources to learn to solve math problems.

40.The summer program run by a nonprofit organization has helped many underserved students learn advanced math.

41.Winners of local contests will participate in the national math competition for free.

42.Many schools don’t place academic competitions at the top of their priority list.

43.Contestants of elite high school math competitions are mostly Asian and white students from well-off families.

44.Some math training programs primarily focus on raising students’ math scores.

41.Some intensive summer programs are very expensive but most of them provide scholarships.

Section C

Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2with a single line through the centre.

Passage One

Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.

We live today indebted to McCardell, Cashin, Hawes, Wilkins, and Maxwell, and other women who liberated American fashion from the confines of Parisian design. Independence came in tying, wrapping, storing, harmonizing, and rationalizing that wardrobe. These designers established the modem dress code, letting playsuits and other activewear outfits suffice for casual clothing, allowing pants to enter the wardrobe, and prizing rationalism and versatility in dress, in contradiction to dressing for an occasion or allotment of the day. Fashion in America was logical and answerable to the will of the women who wore it. Implicitly or explicitly, American fashion addressed a democracy, whereas traditional Paris-based fashion was prescriptive and imposed on women, willing or not.

In an earlier time, American fashion had also followed the dictates of Paris, or even copied and pirated specific French designs. Designer sportswear was not modeled on that of Europe, as “modem art” would later be; it was genuinely invented and developed in America. Its designers were not high-end with supplementary lines. The design objective and the business commitment were to sportswear, and the distinctive traits were problem-solving ingenuity and realistic lifestyle applications. Ease of care was most important: summer dresses and outfits, in particular, were chiefly cotton, readily capable of being washed and pressed at home. Closings were simple, practical, and accessible, as the modem waman depended on no personal maid to dress her. American designers prized resourcefulness and the freedom of women who wore the clothing.

Many have argued that the women designers of this time were able to project their own clothing values into a new style. Of course, much of this argument in the 1930s-40s was advanced because there was little or no experience in justifying 月艮装）on the basis of utility. If Paris was cast aside, the tradition ofbeauty was also to some degree slighted. Designer sportswear would have to be verified by a standard other than that of pure beauty; the emulation of a designer’s life in designer sportswear was a crude version of this relationship. The consumer was ultimately to be mentioned as well, especially by the likes of Dorothy Shaver, who could point to the sales figures at Lord & Taylor.

Could utility alone justify the new ideas of the American designers? Fashion is often regarded as a pursuit of beauty, and some cherished fashion’s trivial relationship to the fine arts. What the designers of American sportswear proved was that fashion is a genuine design art, answering to the demanding needs of service. Of course these practical, insightful designers have determined the course of late twentieth-century fashion. They were the pioneers of gender equity, in their useful, adaptable clothing, which was both made for the masses and capable of self-expression.

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

46.What contribution did the women designers make to American fashion?

A) They made some improvements on the traditional Parisian design.

B) They formulated a dress code with distinctive American features.

C) They came up with a brandnew set of design procedures.

D) They made originality a top priority in their fashion design.

47.What do we learn about American designer sportswear?

A) It imitated the European model.

B) It laid emphasis on women’s beauty.

C) It represented genuine American art.

D) It was a completely new invention.

48.What characterized American designer sportswear?

A) Pursuit of beauty. B) Decorative closings.

C) Ease of care. D) Fabric quality.

49.What occurred in the design of women’s apparel in America during the 1930s-40s?

A) A shift of emphasis from beauty to utility.

B) The emulation of traditional Parisian design.

C) A search for balance between tradition and novelty.

D) The involvement of more women in fashion design.

50.What do we learn about designers of American sportswear?

A) They catered to the taste of the younger generation.

B) They radically changed people’s concept of beauty.

C) They advocated equity between men and women.

D) They became rivals of their Parisian counterparts.

Passage Two

Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.

Massive rubbish dumps and sprawling landfills constitute one of the more uncomfortable impacts that humans have on wildlife. They have led some birds to give up on migration. Instead of flying thousands of miles in search of food, they make the waste sites their winter feeding grounds.

Researchers in Germany used miniature GPS tags to track the migrations of 70 white storks^) from different sites across Europe and Asia during the first five months of their lives. While many birds travelled along well-known routes to warmer climates, others stopped short and spent the winter on landfills, feeding on food waste, and the multitudes of insects that thrive on the dumps.

In the short-term, the birds seem to benefit from overwintering(过冬) on rubbish dumps. Andrea Flack of the Max Planck Institute found that birds following traditional migration routes were more likely to die than German storks that flew only as far as northern Morocco, and spent the winter there on rubbish dumps. “For the birds it’s a very convenient way to get food. There are huge clusters of organic waste they can feed on,” said Flack. The meals are not particularly appetising, or even safe. Much of the waste is discarded rotten meat, mixed in with other human debris such as plastic bags and old toys.

“It’s very risky. The birds can easily eat pieces of plastic or rubber bands and they can die,” said Flack. “And we don’t know about the long-term consequences. They might eat something toxic and damage their health. We cannot estimate that yet.”

The scientists tracked white storks from different colonies in Europe and Africa. The Russian, Greek and Polish storks flew as far as South Africa, while those from Spain, Tunisia and Germany flew only as far as the Sahel.

Landfill sites on the Iberian peninsula have long attracted local white storks, but all of the Spanish birds tagged in the study flew across the Sahara desert to the western Sahel. Writing in the journal, the scientists describe how the storks from Germany were clearly affected by the presence of waste sites, with four out of six birds that survived for at least five months overwintering on rubbish dumps in northern Morocco, instead of migrating to the Sahel.

Flack said it was too early to know whether the benefits of plentiful food outweighed the risks of feeding on landfills. But that’s not the only uncertainty. Migrating birds affect ecosystems both at home and at their winter destinations, and disrupting the traditional routes could have unexpected side effects. White storks feed on 螳虫）and other insects that can become pests if their numbers get out of hand. “Theyprovide a useful service,” said Flack.

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

51. What is the impact of rubbish dumps on wildlife?

A)They have forced white storks to search for safer winter shelters.

B)They have seriously polluted the places where birds spend winter.

C)They have accelerated the reproduction of some harmful insects.

D)They have changed the previous migration habits of certain birds.

52.What do we learn about birds following the traditional migration routes?

A)They can multiply at an accelerating rate.

B)They can better pull through the winter.

C)They help humans kill harmful insects.

D)They are more likely to be at risk of dying.

53.What does Andrea Flack say about the birds overwintering on rubbish dumps?

A)They may end up staying there permanently.

B)They may eat something harmful.

C)They may evolve new feeding habits.

D)They may have trouble getting adequate food.

54.What can be inferred about the Spanish birds tagged in the study?

A)They gradually lose the habit of migrating in winter.

B)They prefer rubbish dumps far away to those at home.

C)They are not attracted to the rubbish dumps on their migration routes.

D)They join the storks form Germany on rubbish dumps in Morocco.

55.What is scientists，other concern about white storks feeding on landfills?

A)The potential harm to the ecosystem.

B)The genetic change in the stork species.

C)The spread of epidemics to their homeland.

D)The damaging effect on bio-diversity.

Part IV Translation (30 minutes)

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.

唐朝始于618年，终于907年，是中国历史上最灿烂的时期。经过近三百年的发展，唐代中国 成为世界上最繁荣的强国，其首都长安是当时世界上最大的都市。这一时期，经济发达、商业繁 荣、社会秩序稳定，甚至边境也对外开放。随着城市化和财富的增加，艺术和文学也繁荣起来。 李白和杜甫是以作品简洁自然而著称的诗人。他们的诗歌打动了学者和普通人的心。即使在今 天，他们的许多诗歌仍广为儿童及成人阅读背诵。

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

快速对答案

2016年6月英语六级考试真题试卷附答案和解析(第1套)

Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the use of robots. Try to imagine what will happen when more and more robots take the place of human beings in industry as well as people"s daily lives. You are required to write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.

Section A
Directions: In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer. from the four choices marked A), B),C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
Questions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
1. A) Project organizer.
B) Public relations officer.
C) Marketing manager.
D) Market research consultant.

2. A) Quantitative advertising research.
B) Questionnaire design.
C) Research methodology.
D) Interviewer training.

3. A) They are intensive studies of people"s spending habits.
B) They examine relations between producers and customers.
C) They look for new and effective ways to promote products.
D) They study trends or customer satisfaction over a long period.

4. A) The lack of promotion opportunity.
B) Checking charts and tables.
C) Designing questionnaires.
D) The persistent intensity.

Questions 5 to 8 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

5. A) His view on Canadian universities.
B) His understanding of higher education.
C) His suggestions for improvements in higher education.
D) His complaint about bureaucracy in American universities.

6. A) It is well designed.
B) It is rather inflexible.
C) It varies among universities.
D) It has undergone great changes.

7. A) The United States and Canada can learn from each other.
B) Public universities are often superior to private universities.
C) Everyone should be given equal access to higher education.
D) Private schools work more efficiently than public institutions.

8. A) University systems vary from country to country.
B) Efficiency is essential to university management.
C) It is hard to say which is better, a public university or a private one.
D) Many private university in the U.S. are actually large bureaucracies.

Section B

Directions: In this section, you will hear two passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear three or four questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.

Passage One
Questions 9 to 11 are based on the passage you have just heard.

9. A) Government"s role in resolving an economic crisis.
B) The worsening real wage situation around the world.
C) Indications of economic recovery in the United States.
D) The impact of the current economic crisis on peopled life.

10. A) They will feel less pressure to raise employees" wages.
B) They will feel free to choose the most suitable employees.
C) They will feel inclined to expand their business operations.
D) They will feel more confident in competing with their rivals.

11. A) Employees and companies cooperate to pull through the economic crisis.
B) Government and companies join hands to create jobs for the unemployed.
C) Employees work shorter hours to avoid layoffs.
D) Team work will be encouraged in companies.

Passage Two
Questions 12 to 15 are based on the passage you have just heard.

12. A) Whether memory supplements work.
B) Whether herbal medicine works wonders.
C) Whether exercise enhances one"s memory.
D) Whether a magic memory promises success.

13. A) They help the elderly more than the young.
B) They are beneficial in one way or another.
C) They generally do not have side effects.
D)They are not based on real science.

14. A) They are available at most country fairs.
B) They are taken in relatively high dosage.
C) They are collected or grown by farmers.
D) They are prescribed by trained practitioners.

15. A) They have often proved to be as helpful as doing mental exercise.
B) Taking them with other medications might entail unnecessary risks.
C) Their effect lasts only a short time.
D) Many have benefited from them.

Section C
Directions: In this section, you will hear three recordings of lectures or talks followed by three or four questions. The recordings will be played only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A),B),C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.

Recording One
Questions 16 to 18 are based on the recording you have just heard.

16. A) How catastrophic natural disasters turn out to be to developing nations.
B) How the World Meteorological Organization studies natural disasters.
C) How powerless humans appear to be in face of natural disasters.
D) How the negative impacts of natural disasters can be reduced.

17. A) By training rescue teams for emergencies.
B) By taking steps to prepare people for them.
C) By changing people"s views of nature.
D) By relocating people to safer places.

18. A) How preventive action can reduce the loss of life.
B) How courageous Cubans are in face of disasters.
C) How Cubans suffer from tropical storms.
D) How destructive tropical storms can be.

Recording Two
Questions 19 to 22 are based on the recording you have just heard.

19. A) Pay back their loans to the American government.
B) Provide loans to those in severe financial difficulty.
C) Contribute more to the goal of a wider recovery.
D) Speed up their recovery from the housing bubble.

20. A) Some banks may have to merge with others.
B) Many smaller regional banks are going to fail.
C) It will be hard for banks to provide more loans.
D) Many banks will have to lay off some employees.

21. A) It will work closely with the government.
B) It will endeavor to write off bad loans.
C) It will try to lower the interest rate.
D) It will try to provide more loans.

22. A) It won"t help the American economy to turn around.
B) It won"t do any good to the major commercial banks.
C) It will win the approval of the Obama administration.
D) It will be necessary if the economy starts to shrink again.

Recording Three
Questions 23 to 25 are based on the recording you have just heard.

23. A) Being unable to learn new things.
B) Being rather slow to make changes.
C) Losing temper more and more often.
D) Losing the ability to get on with others.

24. A) Cognitive stimulation.
B) Community activity.
C) Balanced diet.
D) Fresh air.

25. A) Ignoring the signs and symptoms of aging.
B) Adopting an optimistic attitude towards life.
C) Endeavoring to give up unhealthy lifestyles.
D) Seeking advice from doctors from time to time.

Section A
Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select oneword for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read thepassage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified bya letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on ,Answer Street 2 with a singleline through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.

Let"s say you love roller-skating. Just the thought of __26__ on your roller-skates brings asmile to your face. You also know that roller-skating is excellent exercise. You have a __27__attitude toward it.
This description of roller-skating __28__ the three components of an attitude: affect,cognition, and behavior. You love the activity; it"s great fun. These feelings __29__ the affectiveor emotional component; they are an important ingredient in attitudes. The knowledge wehave about the object constitutes the cognitive component of an attitude. You understandthe health __30__ that the activity can bring. Finally, attitudes have a behavioral component.Our attitudes __31__ us to go outside to enjoy roller-skating.
Now, we don"t want to leave you with the __32__ that these three components always worktogether __33__ . They don"t; sometimes they clash. For example, let"s say you love pizza(affective component); however, you have high cholesterol and understand (knowledgecomponent) that eating pizza may be bad for your health. Which behavior will your attituderesult in, eating pizza or __34__ it? The answer depends on which component happens to bestronger. If you are walking past a pizza restaurant at lunchtime, your emotions and feelingsprobably will be stronger than your knowledge that pizza may not be the best food for yourhealth. In that instance, you have pizza for lunch. If you are at home trying to decide where togo for dinner, however, the knowledge component may __35__ , and you decide to go whereyou can eat a healthier meal.

A.avoiding

B.benefits

C.highlight

D.illustrates

E.impression

F.improves

G.inquiring

H.perfectly

I.positive

J.prevail

K.primarily

L.prompt

M.specifications

N.strapping

O.typical

Section B
Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.

The Changing Generation
[A] It turns out today"s teenagers aren"t so scary after all. Results of USA WEEKEND"S Teens & Parents survey reveal a generation of young people who get along well with their parents and approve of the way they"re being raised. They think of their parents with affection and respect. They speak with Mom or Dad when they have a problem. Most feel that their parents understand them, and they believe their family is the No. 1 priority in their parents, lives. Many even think their parents are cool! Although more than a third have an object in their rooms they would like to keep secret from their parents, rarely is it anything more alarming than a diary or off-color (低俗的) book or CD.
[B] Such results may seem surprising against the background of shocking incidents that color the way the mass media portray the young. In October 2000, , the same month the survey was taken, the Washington-based Center for Media and Public Affairs wrote in its publication Media Monitor that, in a recent month of TV news coverage of American youth, just 2% of teens were shown at home, and just 1% were portrayed in a work setting. In contrast, the criminal justice system accounted for nearly one out of every five visual backgrounds. No wonder parents worry their own kids might spin out of control once they hit the turbulent waters of adolescence.
[C] The overall facts ought to reassure us. The survey shows us that today"s teens are affectionate, sensible and far happier than the angry and tortured souls that have been painted for us by stereotypes. From other sources, we also know teenage crime, drug abuse and premarital sex are in general decline. We, of course, need to pay attention to youngsters who are filled with discontent and hostility, but we should not allow these extreme cases to distort our view of most young people.
[D] My own research at the Stanford Center on Adolescence uses in-depth interviews with small samples of youngsters rather than large-scale surveys. Still, in my studies and others I have read, I find the same patterns as in USA WEEKEND"S survey. Today"s teenagers admire their parents and welcome parental guidance about important matters such as career choice—though certainly not Mom and Dad"s advice on matters of personal taste, such as music or fashion. When we ask teens to choose a hero，they usually select an older family member rather than a remote public figure. Most teens say they enjoy the company of both parents and friends.
[E] Contrary to some stereotypes, most adolescents believe they must be tolerant of differences among individuals (though they do not always find this easy in the cliquish (拉帮结派的) environment of high school). Many of them volunteer for community service with disadvantaged people. One prevalent quality we have found in teens, statements about themselves, their friends and their families is a strikingly positive emotional tone. By and large, these are very nice kids, and as the band The Who used to sing, "The kids are alright."
[F] How much is today"s spirit of harmony a change from our more turbulent past? A mere generation ago, parent-child relations were described as "the generation gap". Yet even then reports of widespread youth rebellion were overdone: Most kids in the "60s and 70s shared their parents, basic values. Still, it is true that American families are growing closer at the dawn of this new millennium (千年). Perhaps there is less to fight about, with the country in a period of tranquility and the dangers of drug abuse and other unwholesome behavior well known. Perhaps in the face of impersonal and intimidating globalization, a young person"s family feels more like a friendly haven than an oppressive trap. And perhaps parents are acting more like parents than in the recent past. Within just the past five years, I have noticed parents returning to a belief that teenagers need the guidance of elders rather than the liberal, "anything goes" mode of child-rearing that became popular in the second half of the 20th century.
[G] But missing from all these data is the sense that today"s young care very much about their country, about the broader civic and political environment, or about the future of their society. They seem to be turning inward—generally in a pro-social manner, certainly with positive benefits for intimate relationships, but too often at the expense of a connection with the present and future world beyond, including the society they will one day inherit.
[H] Recently, we examined more than 400 essays on the "laws of life" that teens from two communities had written as part of an educational program initiated by the John Templeton Foundation in Radnor, Pa. In those essays, and in follow-up interviews with a few of the teenagers, we found lots of insight, positive feeling and inspirational thinking. But we also found little interest in civic life beyond the tight circles of their family and immediate friends.
[I] For example, only one boy said he would like to be president when he grows up. When I was in high school, dozens in my class alone would have answered differently. In fact, other recent studies have found there has never been a time in American history when so small a proportion of young people have sought or accepted leadership roles in local civic organizations. It is also troubling that voting rates among our youngest eligible voters—18- to 24-year-olds—are way down: Little more than one in four now go to the polls, even in national elections, compared with almost twice that many when 18-year-olds were first given the vote.
[J] In our interviews, many students viewed politics with suspicion and distaste. " Most politicians are kind of crooked (不诚实的)" one student declared. Another, discussing national politics, said, “I feel like one person can"t do that much, and I get the impression most people don"t think a group of people can do that much." Asked what they would like to change in the world, the students mentioned only personal concerns such as slowing down the pace of life, gaining good friends, becoming more spiritual, becoming either more materially successful or less materially oriented (depending on the student"s values), and being more respectful of the Earth, animals and other people. One boy said, "I"d rather be concentrating on artistic efforts than saving the world or something."
[K] It is fine and healthy for teens to cultivate their personal interests, and it is good news when young people enjoy harmonious relations with their family and friends. But there is also a place in a young life for noble purposes that include a dedication to the broader society, a love of country and an aspiration to make their own leadership contributions.
[L] In the past, the young have eagerly participated in national service and civic affairs, often with lots of energy and idealism. If this is not happening today, we should ask why. Our society needs the full participation of its younger citizens if it is to continue to thrive. We know the promise is there—this is a well-grounded, talented, warm-hearted group of youngsters. We have everything to gain by encouraging them to explore the world beyond their immediate experience and to prepare themselves for their turn at shaping that world.

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
36. Not many young people eligible for voting are interested in local or national elections these days.
37. Parents are concerned that their children may get involved in criminal offences once they reach their teens.
38. Even during the turbulent years of last century, youth rebellion was often exaggerated in the media.
39. Teenagers of today often turn to their parents for advice on such important matters as career choice.
40. The incidence of teenage crime and misbehavior is decreasing nowadays.
41. Young people should have lofty ideals in life and strive to be leaders.
42. Some young people like to keep something to themselves and don"t want their parents to know about it.
43. It is beneficial to encourage young people to explore the broader world and get ready to make it a better place.
44. Many teenagers now offer to render service to the needy.
45. Interviews with students find many of them are only concerned about personal matters.

Section C
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A. , B. , C. and D.. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer sheet with a single line through the centre.

Passage One
Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.
Manufacturers of products that claim to be environmentally friendly will face tighter rules on how they are advertised to consumers under changes proposed by the Federal Trade Commission.
The commission"s revised "Green Guides" warn marketers against using labels that make broad claims, like "eco-friendly". Marketers must qualify their claims on the product packaging and limit them to a specific benefit, such as how much of the product is recycled.
"This is really about trying to cut through the confusion that consumers have when they are buying a product and that businesses have when they are selling a product," said Jon Leibowitz, chairman of the commission.
The revisions come at a time when green marketing is on the rise. According to a new study, the number of advertisements with green messages in mainstream magazines has risen since 1987, and peaked in 2008 at 10.4%. In 2009, the number dropped to 9%.
But while the number of advertisements may have dipped, there has been a rapid spread of ecolabeling. There are both good and bad players in the eco-labeling game.
In the last five years or so, there has been an explosion of green claims and environmental claims. It is clear that consumers don"t always know what they are getting.
A handful of lawsuits have been filed in recent years against companies accused of using misleading environmental labels. In 2008 and 2009, class-action lawsuits (集体诉讼) were filed against SC Johnson for using "Greenlist" labels on its cleaning products. The lawsuits said that the label was misleading because it gave the impression that the products had been certified by a third party when the certification was the company"s own.
"We are very proud of our accomplishments under the Greenlist system and we believe that we will prevail in these cases," Christopher Beard, director of public affairs for SC Johnson, said, while acknowledging that "this has been an area that is difficult to navigate."
Companies have also taken it upon themselves to contest each other"s green claims.
David Mallen, associate director of the Council of Better Business Bureau, said in the last two years the organization had seen an increase in the number of claims companies were bringing against each other for false or misleading environmental product claims.
"About once a week, I have a client that will bring up a new certification I"ve never even heard of and I"m in this industry, said Kevin Wilhelm, chief executive officer of Sustainable Business Consulting. "It"s kind of a Wild West, anybody can claim themselves to be green." Mr. Wilhelm said the excess of labels made it difficult for businesses and consumers to know which labels they should pay attention to.

46. What do the revised "Green Guides" require businesses to do?
A) Manufacture as many green products as possible.
B) Indicate whether their products are recyclable.
C) Specify in what way their products are green.
D) Attach green labels to all of their products.
47. What does the author say about consumers facing an explosion of green claims?
A) They can easily see through the businesses" tricks.
B) They have to spend lots of time choosing products.
C) They have doubt about current green certification.
D) They are not clear which products are truly green.
48. What was SC Johnson accused of in the class-action lawsuits?
A) It gave consumers the impression that all its products were truly green.
B) It gave a third party the authority to label its products as environmentally friendly.
C) It misled consumers to believe that its products had been certified by a third party.
D) It sold cleaning products that were not included in the official "Greenlist".
49. How did Christopher Beard defend his company"s labeling practice?
A) There were no clear guidelines concerning green labeling.
B) His company"s products had been well received by the public.
C) It was in conformity to the prevailing practice in the market.
D) No law required the involvement of a third party in certification.
50. What does Kevin Wilhelm imply by saying "It"s kind of a Wild West" (Line 3，Para. 11)?
A) Businesses compete to produce green products.
B) Each business acts its own way in green labeling.
C) Consumers grow wild with products labeled green.
D) Anything produced in the West can be labeled green.

Passage Two
Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.
America"s education system has become less a ladder of opportunity than a structure to transmit inequality from one generation to the next.
That"s why school reform is so critical. This is an issue of equality, opportunity and national conscience. It"s not just about education, but about poverty and justice.
It"s true that the main reason inner-city schools do poorly isn"t teachers" unions, but poverty. Southern states without strong teachers" ，unions have schools at least as awful as those in union states. Some Chicago teachers seem to think that they shouldn"t be held accountable until poverty is solved. There"re steps we can take that would make some difference, and Mayor Rahm Emanuel is trying some of them—yet the union is resisting.
I"d be sympathetic if the union focused solely on higher compensation. Teachers need to be much better paid to attract the best college graduates to the nation"s worst schools. But, instead, the Chicago union seems to be using its political capital primarily to protect weak performers.
There"s solid evidence that there are huge differences in the effectiveness of teachers. The gold standard study by Harvard and Columbia University scholars found that even in high-poverty schools, teachers consistently had a huge positive or negative impact.
Get a bottom 1% teacher, and the effect is the same as if a child misses 40% of the school year. Get a teacher from the top 20%, and it"s as if a child has gone to school for an extra month or two.
The study found that strong teachers in the fourth through eighth grades raised the skills of their students in ways that would last for decades. Just having a strong teacher for one elementary year left pupils a bit less likely to become mothers as teenagers, a bit more likely to go to college and earning more money at age 28.
How does one figure out who is a weak teacher? Yes, that"s a challenge. But researchers are improving systems to measure a teacher"s performance throughout the year, and, with three years of data, ifs usually possible to tell which teachers are failing.
Unfortunately, the union in Chicago is insisting that teachers who are laid off—often for being ineffective—should get priority in new hiring. That"s an insult to students.
Teaching is so important that it should be like other professions, with high pay and good working conditions but few job protections for bottom performers.
This isn"t a battle between garment workers and greedy bosses. The central figures in the Chicago schools strike are neither strikers nor managers but 350,000 children. Protecting the union demand sacrifices those students, in effect turning a blind eye to the injustice in the education system.

51. What do we learn about America"s education system?
A) It provides a ladder of opportunity for the wealthy.
B) It contributes little to the elimination of inequality.
C) It has remained basically unchanged for generations.
D) It has brought up generations of responsible citizens.
52. What is chiefly responsible for the undesirable performance of inner-city schools?
A) Unqualified teachers. C) Unfavorable learning environment.
B) Lack of financial resources. D) Subconscious racial discrimination.
53. What does the author think the union should do to win popular support?
A) Assist the city government in reforming schools. C) Demand higher pay for teachers.
B) Give constructive advice to inner-city schools. D) Help teachers improve teaching.
54. What is the finding of the gold standard study by Harvard and Columbia University scholars?
A) Many inner-city school teachers are not equal to their jobs.
B) A large proportion of inner-city children often miss classes.
C) Many students are dissatisfied with their teachers.
D) Student performance has a lot to do with teachers.
55. Why does the author say the Chicago unions demand is an insult to students?
A) It protects incompetent teachers at the expense of students.
B) It underestimates students, ability to tell good teachers from poor ones.
C) It makes students feel that they are discriminated against in many ways.
D) It totally ignores students，initiative in the learning process.

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.
旗袍（qipao）是一种雅致的中国服装，源于中国的满族（Manchu Nationality）。在清代，旗袍是王室女性穿着的宽松长袍。上世纪 20 年代，受西方服饰影响，旗袍发生了一些变化。袖口（cuffs）变窄，袍身变短。这些变化使女性美得以充分展现。
如今，旗袍经常出现在世界级的时装秀上。中国女性出席重要社交聚会时，旗袍往往是她们的首选。很多中国新 也会选择旗袍作为结婚礼服。一些有影响的人士甚至建议将旗袍作为中国女性的民族服饰。

写作参考答案

The evolution of modem robot technology seems to be a mixed blessing. Optimists say that more robots will lead to greater productivity and economic growth, while pessimists complain that we will experience the greatest unemployment crisis in human history. As for me, the world where robots substitute manual and mental labor is delightful rather than fearful.
There is no doubt that human society is benefiting tremendously from robots. On the one hand, industrial robots can assist in carrying out dirty, dull and dangerous tasks while offering increased productivity and safety. On the other hand, domestic robots can provide household services, freeing human beings from the boredom of the daily chores. We aren"t giving robots "easy jobs", but those that most of the time we aren"t willing to do and even could never do. Without robots, these jobs would remain undone or be done inefficiently. In spite of the potential of machines to replace workers, technological progress has always eliminated some specific jobs. But in the meantime, it also has created new opportunities for human employment, at an even faster rate.
Robots are very likely to permeate much of our daily life in the coming years, but it is not necessary to worry they will snatch jobs from us, because we will assign more challenging jobs to them.

【解析】 
本题要求考生围绕“在未来，越来越多的人工劳动将被机器取代会是怎样一番情景”写一篇作文，考生既可以阐述其积极的一面，也可以论述其不利的一面。根据题目要求，可以采取以下布局；
第一段；提出人们对机器人所持的不同态度，并表明自己的立场。机器人替代体力劳动和脑力劳动让我们的生活更加轻松快乐。
第二段：具体从两个方面来分析机器人取代人力劳动的积极意义。
第三段：总结全文，指出机器人不会抢走我们的工作，因为我们会让它们做更多的事。

听力　Section A 参考答案
1 What position does the woman hold in the company?
[D]【解析】对话一开头男士就问女士做市场调查顾问有多久了，可见女士在公司的职位是市场调査顾问。因此 D 项为答案。
【干扰项排除】①选项都是关于职位的内容，预测问题问职业。②A 项“项目组织者”、B 项“公共关系职员”以及 C 项“营销经理”都没有在对话中提及，只是利用录音的个别字词 organize, project, relationship 作干扰，故均予以排除。
2 What does the woman specialize in at the moment?
[A]【解析】对话中女士在被男士问到对什么感兴趣时，女士回答说目前专攻量化广告研究。A 项的表述与女士的意思一致，故为正确答案。
【干扰项排除】①选项都是关于研究、设计、培训等内容，听音时留意相关信息。②B 项“调查问卷设计”和 C 项“研究方法论”都不是目前女士专攻的内容，是女士回答“和新客户建立良好关系要经历什么过程”这个问题时涉及到的，故排除；D 项“面试者培训”只是利用对话中出现的 interviewer 一词作干扰，故排除。
3 What does the woman say about trackers?
[D]【解析】对话中女士提到两个项目，其中之一是有关追踪系统，女士的解释为：这是个正在进行的项目，研究很长一段时期内的趋势或客户满意度。D 项中的 study 是录音原文中 look at 的同义替换，故为正确答案。
【干扰项排除】①选项的主语都是 They,听录音时要留意其指代什么事物及其相关信息。②A 项“它们是对人们消费习惯的集中研究”、B 项“它们调查生产者和顾客之间的关系”以及 C 项“它们寻找促销产品的有效的新方法”都不属于追踪系统的内容，故均予以排除。
4 What does the woman dislike about her job?
[B]【解析】对话末尾，女士对于最后一个问题——工作上喜欢和不喜欢的分别是什么的回答是：工作上的多样性对于我来说是重要的，至于不喜欢的内容就是图表的核对了。B 项的表述与女士的意思一致，故为正确答案。
【干扰项排除】①选项分别为关于晋升机会、设计调查问卷和检查图表等的名词短语，推测题目可能与工作相关。②C 项“设计调查问卷”是和新客户建立良好关系需要做的，并没有提到是女士不喜欢的工作内容，故排除；A 项“缺乏晋升机会”和 D 项“持续的紧张”都未在对话中提及，故排除。

5 What does the woman want Frederick to talk about?
[A] 【解析】对话一开头女士就请 Frederick 解释对于加拿大的大学的看法，由此可知，女士是想让 Frederick 讨论他对加拿大的大学的看法。A 项的表述与女士的意思一致，故为正确答案。
【干扰项排除】①选项都是关于 his 的内容，听录音时要留意男士的相关信息。②女士只是想让男士谈下他对于加拿大的大学的看法，而不是想知道男士对于高等教育的理解，故 B 项错误；C 项“他对于高等教育改进的建议”未在对话中提及，故排除；D 项“他对于美国大学官僚主义的抱怨”掺杂女士对于美国大学的看法，属于张冠李戴，故予以排除。
6 What does the man say about the curriculum in Canadian universities?
[B] 【解析】对话中男士说到在加拿大，教育部负责设计大学的课程，没有太多灵活变通的空间，也就是说加拿大的大学课程是相当不灵活的。B 项中的 rather inflexible 是录音原文中 not much room for flexibility 的同义替换，故为正确答案。
【干扰项排除】①选项都是关于 It 的描述，听录音时要注意 It 指代什么及其相关信息。②录音只提到加拿大的大学课程由教育部设计，没有提到设计的质量怎么样、各大学课程表有何不同以及有何重大改变，故 A 项“它设计得很好”、C 项“它在不同的大学不一样”和 D 项“它经历了巨大的变化”均予以排除。
7 On what point do the speakers agree?
[C] 【解析】对话中女士说在美国有一个问题，就是通常只有有钱人家的孩子才能上最好的学校，男士对此表示赞同，并且讲到不能给予每个人平等的教育机会确实是个问题。由此看来，他们都认为每个人都应该被给予平等的机会去接受高等教育，故选 C 项。
【干扰项排除】①选项中出现 universities、education、 institutions 等关键词，推测问题可能与大学教育相关。②A 项“美国和加拿大可以互相学习”，关于借鉴和学习，男子只提到我们或许可以向日本学习，故排除。对话最后男士讲到很难说哪种大学更好，女士也表示认同，所以 B 项“公立大学比私立大学更优越”错误。录音中男士谈及加拿大公立大学的办事效率低的问题，而女士提到美国的私立大学同样存在官僚主义，所以无从判断哪种大学更有效率，故排除 D 项“私立学校比公立机构更有效率”。
8 What point does the man make at the end of the conversation?
[C]【解析】对话最后男士得出结论：很难说公立大学和私立大学哪一个更好，因此，C 项为正确答案。
【干扰项排除】①四个选项都是围绕大学这个话题展开，听录音时要注意相关信息。②录音谈及三个国家以及它们不同的大学制度，但男子并没有就此得出结论“大学制度随着国家的不同而不同”，故排除 A 项。B 项“效率对于大学管理来说至关重要”，男子虽然谈及公立大学的管理效率问题，但他没有说效率是至关重要的，故排除 B 项。D 项“美国的很多私立大学实际上都是巨大的官僚机构”是女士的看法，而不是男士的结论，故排除。

Section B 参考答案
9 What is the International Labor Organization"s report mainly about?
[B]【解析】录音开头提到，国际劳工组织最近的一份报告指出，世界各地实际工资水平的恶化情况让人质疑经济复苏的真实程度，B 项的 worsening real wage 是录音中的 deterioration of real wages 的同义替换，因此本题选 B 项。
【干扰项排除】①选项均为有一定概括性的名词短语，推测本题有可能是主旨类的题目。②A 项“政府在解决经济危机过程中所起的作用”是利用录音中个别词编造的干扰项，并非该报告的主要内容；C 项的 indications 和 economic recovery 虽在录音中有出现过，但经济复苏的征兆并非主题，且录音并没有单指美国经济复苏的情况，故 C 项不选；D 项“当前的经济危机对人们生活的影响”，当下应该是经济危机后的恢复时期，而非 current economic crisis，由此可排除。
10 According to an International Labor Organization"s specialist, how will employers feel if there are more people looking for jobs?
[A]【解析】录音提到，这位专家认为，当更多人失业，就有更多人求职，雇主在提升工资吸引员工方面的压力便随之下降，A 项的 less pressure 是录音中 pressure... will decline 的同义表达，故选 A 项。
【干扰项排除】①选项的主语都是 They,根据 raise employees" wages, choose... employees, expand... business operations 等关键词，推测 They 应该指雇主，听音时留意关于雇主的信息。②B 项“他们可以随意选择最合适的员工”、C 项“他们想扩展其经营范围”和 D 项“他们在跟对手竞争时会更有信心”均未在录音中提及。
11 What does the speaker mean by the work sharing scheme?
[C]【解析】录音末尾提到 work sharing scheme。该计划是想通过减少个人工时来避免裁员，然后由政府来补贴员工因减少工时而带来的损失，C 项是该处录音内容的同义表达，故为本题答案。
【干扰项排除】①根据选项出现的 employees, unemployed , layoffs 等关键词，推测问题可能与雇员失业或下岗有关，听音时留意相关信息。②A 项“员工和公司携手共度经济危机难关”、B 项“政府和企业联手为失业人员创造工作岗位”和 D 项“在企业内部鼓励团队合作”在录音中均未提及，故予以排除。

12 What question is frequently put to the speaker?
[A]【解析】说话人在录音开头部分即提到“我曾经经常被问到这些记忆力补品是否有效”，A 项是该处录音原句的概述，因此本题选 A 项。
【干扰项排除】①三个选项都出现了 memory，推测问题可能与记忆力有关，听音时留意相关信息。②B 项“草药是否有奇效”，录音中虽提到 herbal，但说话人被问的是是否真的有挽救记忆力的草本药物，B 项没有提到记忆力，故不选；C 项“锻炼是否有助于提高记忆力”是利用录音中提到的 workout“锻炼，练习”来设置干扰；D 项“拥有神奇的记忆力能否保证取得成功”在录音中未提及。
13 What does the speaker say about most memory supplements?
[D]【解析】说话人提到那类补品有很多并不一定名副其实，大部分的背后缺乏科学依据，D 项“他们并非以真正的科学为基础”是该句录音的同义表达。
【干扰项排除】①四个选项的主语都是 They,听音时留意其指代什么事物。②A 项“相较于年轻人，它们对年长者更有用”未在录音中提及；说话人多次表示这些补品多数没有什么效果，需谨慎服用，而且最后提到若跟其他药同服，还有可能产生不良后果,B 项“无论如何它们都是有益的”和 C 项“它们一般没什么副作用”与录音意思相反，均排除。
14 What do we learn about memory supplements in eastern cultures?
[D]【解析】录音提到，在一些东方国家，这类补药属于处方药，剂量须由经过训练的执业医师所定，D 项为该处录音的概括，故为正确答案。
【干扰项排除】①四个选项的主语都是 They，听音时留意其指代什么事物。②A 项“它们在多数乡村集市上有售”和 C 项“它们是由农民采集和种植的”均未在录音中提及。B 项“它们服用时的剂量相对较大”与录音所述不符。
15 What does the speaker say about memory supplements at the end?
[B]【解析】录音结尾，说话人提醒：很多时候人们没有真正意识到服用这类补药带来的影响，也不知道与其他药物同服可能会增加出现某些不良情况的风险，B 项为该处录音的同义表达。
【干扰项排除】①根据选项出现的 They、them、medications、effect 等关键词，推测问题可能问某样药物的作用，听音时留意相关信息。②A 项“它们通常被证实跟做脑力训练一样有效”、C 项“它们的效果只持续一小段时间”和 D 项“很多人受益于它们”在录音中均未提及，故予以排除。
Section C 参考答案
16 What is the talk mainly about?
[D]【解析】录音一开头提到自然灾害造成的负面影响随处可见：大量人员伤亡和经济损失。随后气象专家 Geoffrey Love 提到在过去的 50 年里，经济损失增加了 50 倍，但死亡人数已经下降了 10 倍，原因是安全预警做得越来越好了。接下来录音都是围绕着人们采取预防措施来减少自然灾害带来的危害展开。因此 D 项正确。
【干扰项排除】①选项都出现关键词 natural disasters,
由此可知本题与自然灾害有关。②虽然录音开头有提及一些发展中国家遭受严重的自然灾害，但录音接下来强调的是，采取预防措施，这些国家的人员伤亡成功降低了，故 A 项不对。录音没有主要阐述世界气象组织如何研究自然灾害，故 B 项不对。C 项“人类在面对自然灾害上显得有多无力”与录音提到的人们采取预防措施应对自然灾害这一事实不符。
17 How can we stop extreme events from turning into disasters?
[B]【解析】录音提到 Geoffrey Love 说极端事件还会继续发生，但是只有当人们未能做好准备工作或预防措施时，极端事件才会最终演变成灾难，换言之，我们需要采取行动来为此做准备，因此选 B。
【干扰项排除】①四个选项都是 By+doing...结构，推测问题可能涉及做某事的方式。②A 项“通过训练救援队伍来应对突发事件”、C 项“通过改变人们对自然的看法”和 D 项“通过把人们迁移到更安全的地方”录音均没有提及，故排除。
18 What does the example of Cuba serve to show?
[A]【解析】录音最后，世界气象组织列举了古巴和孟加拉国作为例子，说明这两个国家通过采取预防措施，成功地减少了自然灾害带来的大量人员死亡。接着录音提到，采用了预警系统的古巴在 2008 年遭遇 5 次飓风连续袭击，仅有 7 人遇难。A 项与之相符。
【干扰项排除】B 项“勇敢的古巴人怎样面对灾难”录音没有提及，故排除；C 项“古巴人如何遭受热带风暴的袭击”，录音虽有提及古巴人每年都遭受很多次热带风暴袭击这一事实，但这不是举古巴为例子的目的，故 C 项不对。古巴在防范热带风暴袭击方面做得很成功，使得风暴造成的破坏并没有特别大，故排除 D 项“热带风暴的破坏力有多大”。

19 What does President Obama hope the banks will do?
[C]【解析】录音一开始提到，在美国政府和纳税人的帮助下，美国银行业得以复苏，总统奥巴马说银行是时候要作出回报了：现在银行更有义务去完成更大范围的经济复苏这一目标。C 项与录音相符。
【干扰项排除】①选项都是原形动词短语，推测问题可能与行为动作有关。②A 项“向美国政府偿还贷款”录音没有提到，是利用录音个别字词拼凑而成的；录音没有提到为那些经济严重困难的个人或企业提供贷款，因此 B 项错误。D 项“加快银行在房地产泡沫中的复苏”是利用录音中的 recovery 和 the housing bubble 设置的干扰项。
20 What is Martin Neil Baily"s prediction about the financial situation in the future?
[B]【解析】录音提到，经济学家 Martin Neil Baily 认为银行业危机并没有结束，在 2009 年已经有 130 多家美国银行倒闭，预计在 2010 年会有更多规模小的地区性银行面临倒闭，原因是商业地产贷款将到期，B 项与之相符。
【干扰项排除】①选项中多次提及 banks，推测问题与银行业有关。②A 项“一些银行可能不得不与其他银行合并”录音没有提及，故予以排除；C 项“银行将难以提供更多的贷款”只是分析家的观点，并不是 Martin Neil Baily 的预测，故排除；录音只是提到高失业率可能会导致借贷需求的减少以及银行不愿意放贷，并没有提及许多银行将不得不解雇员工，因此 D 项错误。
21 What does U.S. Bankcorp chief Richard Davis say about its future operation?
[D]【解析】在银行的问题上，Richard Davis 比一些经济专家更乐观，他说借贷就好像煤炭对于引擎的作用一样，所以我们要放出更多的贷款。D 项中 provide more loans 是录音中 make more loans 的同义转换，故为正确答案。
【干扰项排除】①从选项的内容来看，题目与 It(银行）将来的举动有关。②A 项“与政府密切合作”、B 项“努力注销不良贷款”和 C 项“尝试降低利率”录音均没有提及，故予以排除。
22 What does Martin Neil Baily think of a second stimulus to the economy?
[D]【解析】录音最后提到，如果美国经济再次开始下滑，Baily 认为应该有充分的理由二度刺激经济，因此 D 项正确。
【干扰项排除】①四个选项都是关于 It 的情况，留意题目中的 It 指代何物。②A 项“它不会帮助美国经济好转”和 B 项“它不会对主要商业银行有好处”录音均没有提及，故予以排除；C 项是利用录音中 Obama administration 设置的干扰项，故排除。

23 According to the speaker, what might be a symptom of cognitive decline in older adults?
[A]【解析】录音开头提到当我们年老时，认知能力的下降意味着丧失学习新技能的能力，或者是容易忘记一些单词、名字和人脸。A 项的 unable to 是录音原文 the loss of ability 的同义转换。
【干扰项排除】①四个选项都是动名词短语，内容涉及一些负面的影响，注意细节。②B 项“作出改变相当缓慢”、C 项“越来越经常发脾气”和 D 项“失去与他人相处的能力”录音均没有提及，故予以排除。
24 According to James Burke, what does seem to help reduce cognitive decline?
[A]【解析】录音提到 James Burke 认为虽然没有有力的证据证实运动、饮食和认知刺激可以帮助降低认知能力衰退，但是它们仍能发挥一定的积极作用。因此 A 项是正确的。
【干扰项排除】录音没有提及参加社区活动和呼吸新鲜空气能减少认知能力衰退，因此 B 项和 D 项不对；录音只是提到饮食是减缓认知能力衰退的因素之一，并没有指是均衡饮食，也有可能指提高记忆力的食材，因此 C 项也不准确。
25 What did James Burke recommend to reduce the incidence of cognitive decline?
[C]【解析】录音最后提到，James Burke 提出一些建议，从医学、营养和认知刺激的角度来看，人们采取健康的生活方式，可以减少认知能力衰退的发生，故 C 项“尝试放弃不健康的生活方式”正确。
【干扰项排除】A 项“忽略衰老的症状和体征”、B 项“采取积极的生活态度”和 D 项“时不时向医生征求建议”录音均没有提及，故予以排除。

阅读参考答案
26 [N]空格前的 of 表明此处应填入动名词，与介词 on 搭配。空格后的 roller-skates 指“溜冰鞋”，词库的动名词中，strapping 可与 on 搭配，后接表示鞋子的宾语，意为“用带子系上(鞋子）”，符合此处语境。
27[I]此处需填入修饰 attitude 的词，由 a 可知需填入的单词是辅音字母开头的。上文提到“你”喜欢溜旱冰，穿上鞋子就微笑。“你”同样知道溜旱冰是很好的运动，因此这种态度是积极正面的，故填入 positive “积极的”。
28[D]此处应填入谓语动词，由主语 description 可知是第三人称单数形式。文章开头的 Let"s say...表明第一段对溜旱冰的描绘是举例，因此此处符合语义逻辑的是 illustrates“说明，阐明”，该处句子的意思是“对溜旱冰的描述说明了态度有三个组成部分”。
29[C]此处应填入谓语动词，由主语 feelings 可知是动词原形。本句要说明态度的第一个部分 affect “情感”，主语 these feelings 指的是对溜旱冰这项活动的喜爱之情，highlight “强调，突出”与宾语 the affective or emotional component“情感或感情部分”搭配合理。而 prevail“流行，盛行；获胜”是不及物动词,prompt “推动；提示”在语义上也不合逻辑。
30[B]空格在名词 health 之后，可能填入副词或名词。因为空格后的 that the activity can bring“这项活动可以带来的”是定语从句，故应填入名词，充当从句先行词。第一段提到“你”知道溜旱冰是极好的运动(excellent exercise)，因此本句填入语义相关的 benefits “好处”。
31[L]此处应填入谓语动词，构成～sb. to do sth.结构，主语 attitudes 表明该词是原形。符合要求的是 prompt “促使”，句子意思是“我们的态度促使我们去外面享受溜旱冰的乐趣”。
32 [E]空格前的 the 表明此处应填入名词，空格后 that 引导的是同位语从句，意为“这三个组成部分总是协调统一的”。impression“印象”符合上下文语义，指“我们不想给你留下这种印象”,呼应后文“它们并不是”。
33[H]空格在 work together 之后，故应填入副词。perfectly“完美地”符合语境，指这三个部分配合完美。上下文没有表示动作先后的描述，故 primarily“主要地，首先”不对。
34 [A]由 or 可知此处应填入与 eating 并列的动名词，意思上表示相反的情况，因此 avoiding“避免”正确，指“吃比萨还是不吃”。
35[J]空格前的 may 表明此处应填入动词原形，且是不及物动词。上一句提到情感部分可能更强的情形（probably will be stronger），本句指认知部分更强的情况，故填入与 be stronger 近义的 prevail“获胜”。

36 [I]【译文】如今很多符合资格的年轻选民对地方选举或者全国大选不感兴趣。
【定位解析】根据 eligible for voting 和 national elections 查找到 I 段最后一句，该句提到最年轻的（18 至 24 岁）合格选民的投票率非常低。即使是全国大选，他们之中也只有稍多于四分之一的人会去投票。题目的 young people eligible for voting 对应原文中的 youngest eligible voters,而 national elections 则为文中原词复现,故本题答案为 I 段。
37[B]【译文】父母担心自己的孩子在步入青少年时期后会卷入刑事犯罪中。
【定位解析】根据 concerned, criminal offences 以及 reach their teens,可查找到 B 段最后两句。这两句提到在跟年轻人有关的电视新闻画面中，有 20%与刑事案件有关，父母总是担心自己的小孩到了青春叛逆期会变得难以管控，题目是该处原文的同义表达。本题中的 criminal offences 对应原文的 criminal justice system, concern 对应原文的 worry，而 once they reach their teens 则是 once they hit the turbulent waters of adolescence 的同义转述，故本题答案为 B 段。
38 [F]【译文】即使在上世纪动荡不安的年代里，年轻人的反叛也经常被媒体描述得太夸张。
【定位解析】根据 youth rebellion 和 exaggerated 可查找到 F 段第 3 句。该句提到，即使在当时，所谓的“大规模的年轻人叛逆”也被媒体报道夸大了。本题的 exaggerated 是原文 overdone 的同义表达（overdo 意为“对……过于夸张”）,youth rebellion 则为原词复现，所以 F 段为正确答案。
39[D]【译文】现在的青少年经常在一些重要的事情上，比如说选择职业时，征求父母的建议。
【定位解析】根据题目中的 turn to their parents for advice 和 career choice 可查找到 D 段第 3 句。该句提到，现在的青少年很钦佩他们的父母，也很乐于在一些重大的事情上，比如在选择职业时，接受父母的引导。题目是该处原文的同义表述，turn to their parents for advice 对应原文的 welcome parental guidance,而 career choice 为原词复现，故本题答案为 D 段。
40 [C]【译文】青少年犯罪和品行不端的现象正在减少。
【定位解析】根据题目中的 teenage crime 和 decreasing 查找到 C 段第 3 句。该句提到，犯罪、药物滥用和婚前性行为这些现象在青少年群体中普遍都有所减少。本题中的 decreasing 是原文 in general decline 的同义转述，misbehavior 是对原文 drug abuse and premarital sex 的概括，而 teenage crime 为原词复现，题目正是对该句原文的同义表述，所以 C 段为正确答案。
41[K]【译文】年轻人要有崇高的理想，要力争成为领导者。
【定位解析】根据 lofty ideals 和 leaders,查找到 K 段第 2 句。该句指出，年轻人也应当要有一些崇高的目标，包括愿意为这个更广大的社会做出贡献、热爱国家、心怀成为未来领导者的远大抱负。题目中的 lofty ideals 是原文 noble purposes 的同义转述，strive to be leaders 对应文中的 make their own leadership contributions，故 K 段为正确答案。
42 [A]【译文】有些年轻人会把某些东西藏起来不让父母发现。
【定位解析】根据 keep some to themselves 查找到 A 段末句。该句指出，虽然有超过三分之一的青少年会在房间里藏一些不想让父母发现的东西，但也不过就是些低俗的刊物或者 CD 罢了。题目中的 keep some to themselves 是对原文 keep secret from their parents 的同义转述，故选 A 段。
43 [L]【译文】鼓励年轻人探索更广阔的世界并为将世界变得更美好而做好准备，这是有益的。
【定位解析】根据题目中的 encourage、explore、world 可查找到 L 段的最后一句。该句指出，鼓励年轻人探索超越直接经验的世界，让他们为改变世界而做好准备，我们会有无穷的收获。题目中的 It is beneficial 是对文中 We have everything to gain 的同义转述，explore the broader world 和原文中的 explore the world beyond their immediate experience 对应，make it a better world 即原文中的 shaping that world，故正确答案为 L 段。
44 [E]【译文】现在很多青少年都会为需要帮助的人提供服务。
【定位解析】根据 service 和 the needy 查找到 E 段第 2 句。该句指出，很多青少年都会自愿参加帮助弱势群体的社区服务。题目中的 the needy 是原文 disadvantaged people 的同义替换，故答案为 E 段。
45[J]【译文】采访发现，学生基本都只关注自己的事。
【定位解析】根据题目中的 Interviews 和 personal matters 查找到 J 段第 4 句。J 段讲到被采访的学生的反馈，当被问及想有什么改变时，学生们都只提到了跟自身有关的事，即只关注自己的事。题目正是对此处的同义概括，personal matters 是原文 personal concerns 的同义表达，故正确答案为 J 段。

46 [C]【定位】根据题干中的 the revised “Green Guides”定位至第 2 段。
【解析】本题问“绿色指南”修订版要求商家怎么做。第 2 段首句指出联邦贸易委员会警告商家不得使用诸如“生态友好的”之类表达宽泛的标签。第 2 句指出商家须具体怎么做,包括要证明其产品包装上的描述属实、明确具体的益处。C 项“具体说明其产品为何是绿色的”与原文吻合，其中 Specify 为原文中 specific 的同义表达，故选 C 项。
【干扰项排除】A 项“制造尽可能多的绿色产品”并非联邦贸易委员会的要求。联邦贸易委员会要求商家使其产品的益处具体化，如写明产品中有多少可回收成分，而非 B 项“指出其产品是否可回收”。文章并未提及 D 项“所有产品贴上绿色标签”。
47 [D]【定位】根据题干中的 an explosion of green claims 定位至第 6 段。
【解析】本题问作者对于消费者在面对绿色环保宣传泛滥时的表现有何看法。第 6 段首句指出在过去 5 年左右的时间里，声称绿色环保的宣传呈爆发状态。第 2 句指出消费者并不总是了解他们要购买的产品。D 项“他们并不清楚哪种产品才是真正绿色环保的”与原文相符，故为答案。
【干扰项排除】A 项“他们能轻易看穿营销陷阱”与文中说的“消费者不总是了解”不符。上文虽提到消费者选购产品时会觉得迷惑，但不能由此得出 B 项“他们必须花费大量时间来挑选产品”。文中有两处提到“绿色认证”，其一是庄臣公司遭到集体诉讼的事例，但并未提及“集体诉讼”是消费者发起的，故不能得出 C 项“他们对当前的绿色认证存在疑虑”。
48 [C]【定位】根据题干中的 SC Johnson 和 the class-action lawsuits 定位至第 7 段第 2 句。
【解析】本题询问在集体诉讼案中，庄臣公司被指控的罪名是什么。第 7 段第 2 句指出，2008 到 2009 年间，庄臣公司遭到集体诉讼，被指在其清洁产品上使用“绿色清单”标签。第 3 句指出诉讼认为该标签具有误导性，原因是“会使消费者误认为该产品已通过第三方认证”。C 项“它误导消费者相信他们的产品已获得第三方认证”与原文意思一致，其中 misled 对应原文的 misleading,故 C 项为答案。
【干扰项排除】A 项“它让消费者认为其所有产品都是真正的绿色产品”，涉案的只是庄臣公司的清洁产品，并未说是其所有产品，A 项可排除。本文未提及庄臣公司“授权第三方为其产品打上环保标签”和“销售不在官方‘绿色清单’中的清洁产品”，故 B、D 两项也可排除。
49[A]【定位】根据题干中的 Christopher Beard 定位至第 8 段。
【解析】本题询问 Christopher Beard 如何为该公司的标签行为作辩解。本段讲到 Christopher Beard 对本公司在绿色清单体系所取得的成就感到骄傲，并且相信他们能在这些“集体诉讼”案子里胜出，然而他也承认这个（绿色标签）领域很难规范、指引。由此可知，Christopher Beard 认为那时候在绿色标签事项上没有明确的指导方针，刚好对应文章开头说的如今美国联邦贸易委员会关于绿色标签的提议，因此 A 项为答案。
【干扰项排除】虽然使用生态环保标签是市场风行的做法，但是无法确定给产品加上自己公司的认证这一做法是否普遍，而且 C 项“符合市场的普遍做法”也不是 Christopher Beard 的辩护观点，故不选。文章未提及 B 项“其公司产品广为公众接受”和 D 项“法律不要求第三方认证”，也可排除。
50[B]【定位】根据题干直接定位至第 11 段第 2 句。
【解析】本题询问凯文?威廉引用的 Wild West 所指的意义。第 11 段第 2 句先指出当前绿色认证的乱象犹如往昔的“西大荒”，随后指出具体乱在哪些方面：人人都可以宣称自己是环保的，与历史上美国西部拓荒时期的无政府混乱状态如出一辙，因此 B 项“每家公司在绿色标签这方面都有自己的做法”与该句表述相符，为本题答案。
【干扰项排除】文章指出各公司竞相推出各自的绿色环保宣传或广告，而非“竞相生产绿色产品”，故排除 A 项。C 项“消费者对有绿色标签的产品很狂热”、D 项“西部地区所生产的任何产品都可以标记为绿色产品”曲解了 “the Wild West”中 wild 和 west 的意义。

51[B]【定位】根据题干中的 America"s education system 定位至第 1 段。
【解析】本题询问文章对美国教育系统的评价。文章首段即明确指出作者的观点：美国的教育系统不再是通往机遇的阶梯，已然成为将不平等代代相传的体系。可见作者认为教育原本具有的消除不平等的功能已不存在，B 项“对消除不平等毫无作用”为答案。
【干扰项排除】第 1 句指出美国的教育系统不再是通往机遇的阶梯，但并非变成了“为富人提供通往机遇的阶梯”，故排除 A 项。后半句指出教育系统变成了将不平等代代相传的体系，并不是指教育系统不变，C 项“几代人以来基本上保持不变”曲解其意，故排除；文章未提及教育体系具有 D 项“将几代人培养成有责任感的公民”的功能，也可排除。
52 [B]【定位】根据题干中的 inner-city schools 定位至第 3 段第 1 句。
【解析】本题询问内城区学校表现不佳的主要原因。第 3 段首句指出，内城区学校表现糟糕的主要原因不是教师工会，而是 poverty(贫穷）。与 poverty 同义的 B 项“缺乏财政来源”为答案。题干中的 is chiefly responsible for 对应原文的 main reason, undesirable performance 对应 do poorly。
【干扰项排除】原文中只是提到主要原因不在于教师工会，而是贫穷，A 项“不合格教师”非主要原因。文章内容未涉及 C 项“不良的学习环境”和 D 项“潜意识的种族歧视”，也可排除。
53[C]【定位】根据题干中的 the union 及题干询问内容可定位至第 4 段第 1、2 句。
【解析】本题询问作者的观点，工会应该如何作为来赢得公众支持。上段末尾提到工会抵制市长采取的一些措施，本段第 1 句提出了作者的观点：如果工会只是致力于获取更高的补偿，他会赞同(sympathetic)。第 2 句进一步说明为什么工会应该致力于获取更高的补偿金：只有高薪才能够吸引优秀人才到贫困地区的学校任教。因此工会应该“为教师争取更高的报酬”,C 项正确。
【干扰项排除】工会抵制了市长采取的一些措施，A 项“帮助市政府改革学校”可排除。基于本文，教师工会的职能主要是为教师提供保护和争取福利，不包括 B 项“为内城区学校提供建设性的建议”和 D 项“帮助教师提高教学质量”。
54 [D]【定位】根据题干中的 the gold standard study, Harvard and Columbia University scholars 定位至第 5 段第 2 句。
【解析】本题询问哈佛大学和哥伦比亚大学的学者开展的金标准研究的结果。因此该句 found 后的宾语从句即为答案：即使是在极度贫困地区的学校，教师也总是会对教育产生巨大的，或积极或消极的影响。因此，D 项“学生的表现与教师密切相关”为答案，体现了教师对教育所产生的影响。题干中的 finding 是原文 found 的词性转换。
【干扰项排除】文章中提及部分内城区学校的师资不佳，但并非该研究发现的结果，因此 A 项“很多内城区学校的教师无法胜任他们的工作”可排除。文章未提及内城区学校学生的行为以及他们对教师的态度，因此 B 项“大部分内城区的孩子经常翘课”和 C 项“很多学生对他们的教师不满”也可排除。
55 [A]【定位】根据题干中的 Chicago union"s, demand 和 an insult to students 定位至最后三段。
【解析】本题询问为什么说芝加哥工会的要求是对学生的侮辱。第 9 段指出芝加哥工会坚持认为那些被解聘的（通常是不称职的）教师拥有优先聘用权，作者认为这对学生是个侮辱，第 10 和第 11 段对此作具体解释，指出不应过度保护这些人的工作权益，一旦满足工会要求、保护这些人的权益，学生的权益就会被牺牲掉。因此 A 项“以牺牲学生为代价保护不称职的教师”为答案，at the expense of 是原文中 sacrifices 的同义转换。
【干扰项排除】文章未涉及工会对学生辨别和学习能力的评估，B 项“低估了学生辨别好老师和坏老师的能力”、D 项“完全忽视学生在学习过程中的主动性”均可排除。文章未提及歧视问题，C 项“让学生感到在多方面遭受歧视”也可排除。

翻译参考答案
表达难点
1. 第一句有两个谓语动词“是一种……”及“源于……”，可将前者处理为英文句子的谓语成分，后者作“服装”的后置定语，形式既可用非谓语动词（originating from）也可用定语从句（that originates from...）。
2. 第二句可以处理成一个定语从句，主干是“旗袍是长袍”，“王室女性穿着的”是修饰长袍的定语。用非谓语动词作定语，“旗袍”和“穿”是被动关系，因此用过去分词形式。
3. 第三句的“发生变化”可以用 undergo changes 这个搭配。“受西方服饰的影响”可以用分词作状语的结构 influenced by...，也可以处理成 due to the influence of...。
4. 第二段都是体现旗袍重要性的一些短句子，如逐一翻译，译文会显得比较松散，可以使用一些结构或词语将它们衔接起来，比如 not only... but also..., moreover, even 等。
参考译文
Qipao is an elegant type of Chinese dress that originates from the Manchu Nationality. In the Qing Dynasty, it was a loose gown worn by females of the royal family. In 1920s，it underwent some changes due to the influence of western dress. Its cuffs became narrower and the length was shortened as well. Such changes allow the beauty of female to be fully displayed.
Nowadays Qipao is not only frequently seen on world-class fashion shows, but also the first-choice dress for Chinese women to attend some important social gatherings. Moreover, many Chinese brides choose it as their wedding gowns. Some influential figures even have suggested making Qipao a national dress for Chinese women.

2016年6月英语六级考试真题试卷附答案和解析(第2套)

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on living in thevirtual world. Try to imagine what will happen when people spend more and more time in thevirtual world instead of interacting in the real world. You are required to write at least 150 wordsbut no more than 200 wordsSection A
Directions: In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer. from the four choices marked A), B),C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
Questions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
1. A) The project the man managed at CucinTech.
B) The updating of technology at CucinTech.
C)The man"s switch to a new career.
D) The restructuring of her company.

2. A) Talented personnel.
B) Strategic innovation.
C) Competitive products.
D) Effective promotion.

3. A) Expand the market.
B) Recruit more talents.
C) Innovate constantly.
D) Watch out for his competitors.

4. A) Possible bankruptcy.
B) Unforeseen difficulties.
C) Conflicts within the company.
D) Imitation by one"s competitors.

Questions 5 to 8 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

5. A) The job of an interpreter.
B) The stress felt by professionals.
C) The importance of language proficiency.
D) The best way to effective communication.

6. A) Promising.
B) Admirable.
C) Rewarding.
D) Meaningful.

7. A) They all have a strong interest in language.
B) They all have professional qualifications.
C) They have all passed language proficiency tests.
D) They have all studied cross-cultural differences.

8. A) It requires a much larger vocabulary.
B) It attaches more importance to accuracy.
C) It is more stressful than simultaneous interpreting.
D) It puts one"s long-term memory under more stress.

.
Section B

Directions: In this section, you will hear two passages. At the end of each passage, you willhear three or four questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once.After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A),B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line throughthe centre.

Passage One
Questions 9 to 11 are based on the passage you have just heard.

9. A) It might affect mothers" health.
B) It might disturb infants" sleep.
C) It might increase the risk of infants, death.
D) It might increase mothers" mental distress.

10. A) Mothers who breast-feed their babies have a harder time falling asleep.
B) Mothers who sleep with their babies need a little more sleep each night.
C) Sleeping patterns of mothers greatly affect their newborn babies" health.
D) Sleeping with infants in the same room has a negative impact on mothers.

11. A) Change their sleep patterns to adapt to their newborn babies".
B) Sleep in the same room but not in the same bed as their babies.
C) Sleep in the same house but not in the same room as their babies.
D) Take precautions to reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome.

Passage Two
Questions 12 to 15 are based on the passage you have just heard.

12. A) A lot of native languages have already died out in the US.
B) The US ranks first in the number of endangered languages.
C) The efforts to preserve Indian languages have proved fruitless.
D) More money is needed to record the native languages in the US.

13. A) To set up more language schools.
B) To document endangered languages.
C) To educate native American children.
D) To revitalise America"s native languages.

14. A) The US govemment"s policy of Americanising Indian children.
B) The failure of American Indian languages to gain an official status.
C) The US government"s unwillingness to spend money educating Indians.
D) The long-time isolation of American Indians from the outside world.

15. A) It is being utilised to teach native languages.
B) It tells traditional stories during family time.
C) It speeds up the extinction of native languages.
D) It is widely used in language immersion schools.

Section C
Directions: In this section, you will hear three recordings of lectures or talks followed by threeor four questions. The recordings will be played only once. After you hear a question, you mustchoose the best answer from the four choices marked A),B),C) and D). Then mark thecorresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.

Recording One
Questions 16 to 18 are based on the recording you have just heard.

16. A) It pays them up to half of their previous wages while they look for work.
B) It covers their mortgage payments and medical expenses for 99 weeks.
C) It pays their living expenses until they find employment again.
D) It provides them with the basic necessities of everyday life.

17. A) Creating jobs for the huge army of unemployed workers.
B) Providing training and guidance for unemployed workers.
C) Convincing local lawmakers to extend unemployment benefits.
D) Raising funds to help those having no unemployment insurance.

18. A) To offer them loans they need to start their own businesses.
B) To allow them to postpone their monthly mortgage payments.
C) To create more jobs by encouraging private investments in local companies.
D) To encourage big businesses to hire back workers with government subsidies.

Recording Two
Questions 19 to 22 are based on the recording you have just heard.

19. A) They measured the depths of sea water.
B) They analyzed the water content.
C) They explored the ocean floor.
D) They investigated the ice.

20. A) Eighty percent of the ice disappears in summer time.
B) Most of the ice was accumulated over the past centuries.
C) The ice ensures the survival of many endangered species.
D) The ice decrease is more evident than previously thought.

21. A) Arctic ice is a major source of the world"s fresh water.
B) The melting Arctic ice has drowned many coastal cities.
C) The decline of Arctic ice is irreversible.
D) Arctic ice is essential to human survival.

22. A) It will do a lot of harm to mankind.
B) There is no easy way to understand it.
C) It will advance nuclear technology.
D) There is no easy technological solution to it.

Recording Three
Questions 23 to 25 are based on the recording you have just heard.

23. A) The reason why New Zealand children seem to have better self-control.
B) The relation between children"s self-control and their future success.
C) The health problems of children raised by a single parent.
D) The deciding factor in children"s academic performance.

24. A) Children raised by single parents will have a hard time in their thirties.
B) Those with a criminal record mostly come from single parent families.
C) Parents must learn to exercise self-control in front of their children.
D) Lack of self-control in parents is a disadvantage for their children.

25. A) Self-control can be improved through education.
B) Self-control can improve one"s financial situation.
C) Self-control problems may be detected early in children.
D) Self-control problems will diminish as one grows up.

Section A
Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on ,Answer Street 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.

The robotics revolution is set to bring humans face to face with an old fear—man-made creations as smart and capable as we are but without a moral compass. As robots take on ever more complex roles, the question naturally 26__________ : Who will be responsible when they do something wrong? Manufacturers? Users? Software writers? The answer depends on the robot.
Robots already save us time, money and energy. In the future, they will improve our health care, social welfare and standard of living. The 27__________ of computational power and engineering advances will 28__________ enable lower-cost in-home care for the disabled, 29__________ use of driverless cars that may reduce drunk- and distracted-driving accidents and countless home and service-industry uses for robots, from street cleaning to food preparation.
But there are 30__________ to be problems. Robot cars will crash. A drone (遥控飞行器) operator will 31__________ someone"s privacy. A robotic lawn mower will run over a neighbor"s cat. Juries sympathetic to the 32__________ of machines will punish entrepreneurs with company-crushing 33__________ and damages. What should governments do to protect people while 34__________ space for innovation?
Big, complicated systems on which much public safety depends, like driverless cars, should be built, 35__________ and sold by manufacturers who take responsibility for ensuring safety and are liable for accidents. Governments should set safety requirements and then let insurers price the risk of the robots based on the manufacturer"s driving record, not the passenger"s.

A. arises
B. ascends
C. bound
D. combination
E. definite
F. eventually
G. interfere
H. invade
I. manifesting
J. penalties
K. preserving
L. programmed
M. proximately
N. victims
O. widespread

Section B
Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it.Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraphfrom which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Eachparagraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter onAnswer Sheet 2.

Reform and Medical Costs
[A] Americans are deeply concerned about the relentless rise in health care costs and healthinsurance premiums. They need to know if reform will help solve the problem. The answer isthat no one has an easy fix for rising medical costs. The fundamental fix—reshaping how careis delivered and how doctors are paid in a wasteful, abnormal system—is likely to be achievedonly through trial and error and incremental (渐进的）gains.
[B] The good news is that a bill just approved by the House and a bill approved by the SenateFinance Committee would implement or test many reforms that should help slow the rise inmedical costs over the long term. As a report in The New England Journal of Medicine concluded, "Pretty much every proposed innovation found in the health policy literature these days iscontained in these measures."
[C] Medical spending, which typically rises faster than wages and the overall economy, ispropelled by two things: the high prices charged for medical services in this country and thevolume of unnecessary care delivered by doctors and hospitals, which often perform a lotmore tests and treatments than a patient really needs.
[D] Here are some of the important proposals in the House and Senate bills to try to addressthose problems, and why it is hard to know how well they will work.
[E] Both bills would reduce the rate of growth in annual Medicare payments to hospitals,nursing homes and other providers by amounts comparable to the productivity savingsroutinely made in other industries with the help of new technologies and new ways to organizework. This proposal could save Medicare more than $100 billion over the next decade. Ifprivate plans demanded similar productivity savings from providers, and refused to letproviders shift additional costs to them, the savings could be much larger. Critics sayCongress will give in to lobbyists and let inefficient providers off the hook That is far less likelyto happen if Congress also adopts strong upaygo” rules requiring that any increase inpayments to providers be offset by new taxes or budget cuts.
[F] The Senate Finance bill would impose an excise tax(消费税）on health insurance plans thatcost more than $8,000 for an individual or $21,000 for a family. It would most likely causeinsurers to redesign plans to fall beneath the threshold. Enrollees would have to pay moremoney for many services out of their own pockets, and that would encourage them to thinktwice about whether an expensive or redundant test was worth it. Economists project thatmost employers would shift money from expensive health benefits into wages. The House billhas no similar tax. The final legislation should.
[G] Any doctor who has wrestled with multiple forms from different insurers, or patients whohave tried to understand their own parade of statements, know that simplification ought tosave money. When the health insurance industry was still cooperating in reform efforts, itstrade group offered to provide standardized forms for automated processing. It estimated thatstep would save hundreds of billions of dollars over the next decade. The bills would lock thatpledge into law.
[H] The stimulus package provided money to convert the inefficient, paper-driven medicalsystem to electronic records that can be easily viewed and transmitted. This requires openinvestments to help doctors convert. In time it should help restrain costs by eliminatingredundant tests, preventing drug interactions, and helping doctors find the best treatments.
[I] Virtually all experts agree that the fee-for-service system—doctors are rewarded for thequantity of care rather than its quality or effectiveness—is a primary reason that the cost ofcare is so high. Most agree that the solution is to push doctors to accept fixed payments tocare for a particular illness or for a patient"s needs over a year. No one knows how to makethat happen quickly. The bills in both houses would start pilot projects within Medicare. Theyinclude such measures as accountable care organizations to take charge of a patient"s needswith an eye on both cost and quality, and chronic disease management to make sure theseriously ill, who are responsible for the bulk of all health care costs, are treated properly. Forthe most part, these experiments rely on incentive payments to get doctors to try them.
[J] Testing innovations do no good unless the good experiments are identified and expandedand the bad ones are dropped. The Senate bill would create an independent commission tomonitor the pilot programs and recommend changes in Medicare"s payment policies to urgeproviders to adopt reforms that work. The changes would have to be approved or rejected as awhole by Congress, making it hard for narrow-interest lobbies to bend lawmakers to their will.
[K] The bills in both chambers would create health insurance exchanges on which smallbusinesses and individuals could choose from an array of private plans and possibly a publicoption. All the plans would have to provide standard benefit packages that would be easy tocompare. To get access to millions of new customers, insurers would have a strong incentiveto sell on the exchange. And the head-to-head competition might give them a strongincentive to lower their prices, perhaps by accepting slimmer profit margins or demandingbetter deals from providers.
[L] The final legislation might throw a public plan into the competition, but thanks to thefierce opposition of the insurance industry and Republican critics, it might not save muchmoney. The one in the House bill would have to negotiate rates with providers, rather thanusing Medicare rates, as many reformers wanted.
[M] The president"s stimulus package is pumping money into research to compare how wellvarious treatments work. Is surgery, radiation or careful monitoring best for prostate (前列腺)cancer? Is the latest and most expensive cholesterol-lowering drug any better than its commoncompetitors? The pending bills would spend additional money to accelerate this effort.
[N] Critics have charged that this sensible idea would lead to rationing of care. (That would betrue only if you believed that patients should have an unrestrained right to treatments provento be inferior.) As a result, the bills do not require, as they should, that the results of thesestudies be used to set payment rates in Medicare.
[O] Congress needs to find the courage to allow Medicare to pay preferentially for treatmentsproven to be superior. Sometimes the best treatment might be the most expensive. Butoverall, we suspect that spending would come down through elimination of a lot ofunnecessary or even dangerous tests and treatments.
[P] The House bill would authorize the secretary of health and human services to negotiatedrug prices in Medicare and Medicaid. Some authoritative analysts doubt that the secretarywould get better deals than private insurers already get. We believe negotiation could work. Itdoes in other countries.
[Q] Missing from these bills is any serious attempt to rein in malpractice costs. Malpracticeawards do drive up insurance premiums for doctors in high-risk specialties, and there is someevidence that doctors engage in "defensive medicine" by performing tests and treatmentsprimarily to prove they are not negligent should they get sued.

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
36. With a tax imposed on expensive health insurance plans, most employers will likelytransfer money from health expenses into wages.
37. Changes in policy would be approved or rejected as a whole so that lobbyists would find ithard to influence lawmakers.
38. It is not easy to curb the rising medical costs in America.
39. Standardization of forms for automatic processing will save a lot of medical expenses.
40. Republicans and the insurance industry are strongly opposed to the creation of a publicinsurance plan.
41. Conversion of paper to electronic medical records will help eliminate redundant tests andprevent drug interactions.
42. The high cost of medical services and unnecessary tests and treatments have driven upmedical expenses.
43. One main factor that has driven up medical expenses is that doctors are compensated forthe amount of care rather than its effect.
44. Contrary to analysts" doubts, the author believes drug prices may be lowered throughnegotiation.
45. Fair competition might create a strong incentive for insurers to charge less.