【www.jianqiaoenglish.com--英语诗歌】
第二节 英语诗歌的节奏
英诗的节奏来自于诗的格律和音步，而音步是格律的基本单位。音步是一定数目的重读音节和非重读音节按照一定的规则排列而成。音步的排列方式则构成英诗的格律。按照每一音步中重读音节（扬）和非重读音节（抑）的排列方式，可以把音步分成不同的种类，及格律。
常见的英语诗歌格律有以下四种。
（1）抑扬格：音步由一个非重读音节加上一个重读音节构成。
（2）扬抑格：音步由一个重读音节加上一个非重读音节构成。
（3）扬抑抑格：音步由一个重读音节加上两个非重读音节构成。
（4）抑抑扬格：音步由两个非重读音节加上一个重读音节构成。
（1） 抑扬格iambus ,the iambus foot
She walks in Beauty She walks in beauty, like the night Of cloudless climes and starry skies; And all that"s best of dark and bright Meet in her aspect and her eyes: Thus mellow"d to that tender light Which heaven to gaudy day denies. One shade the more, one ray the less, Had half impair"d the nameless grace Which waves in every raven tress, Or softly lightens o"er her face; Where thoughts serenely sweet express How pure, how dear their dwelling-place. And on that cheek, and o"er that brow, So soft, so calm, yet eloquent, The smiles that win, the tints that glow, But tell of days in goodness spent, A mind at peace with all below, A heart whose love is innocent!
（2） 扬抑格 trochee, the trochaic foot
Men of England, wherefore plough
For the lords who lay ye low
Never seek to tell thy love,
Love that never told can be.
（3）扬抑抑格
Cannon to right of them,Cannon to left of them,Cannon behind themword/media/image1.pngVolley"d and thunder"d;Storm"d at with shot and shell,While horse and hero fell,They that had fought so wellCame thro" the jaws of DeathBack from the mouth of Hell,All that was left of them,
word/media/image1.pngLeft of six hundred.
(4) 抑抑扬格
Annabel lee
抑扬格一音步
Thus I
Pass by
And die
As one
Unknown
And gone----
Tell me not, in mournful numbers,
Life is but an empty dream!
For the soul is dead that slumbers,
And things are not what they seem.
Life is real! Life is earnest!
And the grave is not its goal;
Dust thou art, to dust returnest,
Was not spoken of the soul.
Not enjoyment, and not sorrow,
Is our destined end or way;
But to act, that each to-morrow
Find us farther than to-day.
Art is long, and Time is fleeting,
And our hearts, though stout and brave,
Still, like muffled drums, are beating
Funeral marches to the grave.
In the world"s broad field of battle,
In the bivouac of Life,
Be not like dumb, driven cattle!
Be a hero in the strife!
Trust no Future, howe"er pleasant!
Let the dead Past bury its dead!
Act,--act in the living Present!
Heart within, and God o"erhead!
Lives of great men all remind us
We can make our lives sublime,
And, departing, leave behind us
Footprints on the sands of time;
Footprints, that perhaps another,
Sailing o"er life"s solemn main,
A forlorn and shipwrecked brother,
Seeing, shall take heart again.
Let us, then, be up and doing,
With a heart for any fate;
Still achieving, still pursuing,
Learn to labor and to wait.
----H.W. Longfellow
扬抑格四音步
The trumpet of a prophecy! O wind,
If winter comes, can spring be far behind?
第三节 英诗的音韵_
英诗的音乐性还表现在音韵上。音韵是通过重复使用相同或相近的音素而产生，是构成诗歌音乐美和艺术情趣的重要元素。
英诗中常见的音韵形式可以分为两大类：行中韵（internal rhyme）和尾韵 (end rhyme)
1行中韵是指诗行内通过重复使用相同或相近似的音素而产生，具体表现为以下几种形式。
（1） 头韵 alliteration
头韵是指一行诗或一个句子中，较为临近的两个或两个以上的词起首辅音相同而产生的音韵。
Look at the stars! Look, look up at the skies!
O look at all the fire-folk sitting in the air!
The bright boroughs, the circle-citadels there!
—G. M. Hopkins, “The Starlight NIght”
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I slip, I slide, I gloom, I glance,
Among my skinning swallows.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Whereat with blade, with bloody blameful blade,
He bravely broached his boiling bloody breast,
暗头韵 internal or hidden alliteration
Here in the long unlovely street
---------------------------------------------------------------------
The Scian and the Teian muse,
The hero’s harp, the lover’s lute,
Have found the fame your shores refuse.
头韵与双声
（2） 腹韵 （assonance）
腹韵也称原音迭韵或半谐音。
From the cradle to the grave
Do not go gentle into that good night
Old age should burn and rave at close of day.
Rage, rage against the dying of the light.
Though wise men at their end know dark is right,
Because their words have forked no lightning they
Do not go gentle into that good night.
(3)假韵（consonance）
Dash-fish hand-send add-read
______________________________________________
At once a voice arose among
The bleak twigs overhead
In a full hearted evensong
Of joy illimited.
(4)倒尾韵（Reverse Rhyme）
great-grazed student-studio sell-send
soul-sold well-weld painting-patience
A boy’s will is the wind’s will
And the thoughts of youth are long long thoughts.
(5)类尾韵（pararhyme）
sit-sat send-sold great-groat
spit-spat sweet-sweat
Your looks were like the raven,
Your bonie brow was brent.
2 尾韵（end rhyme）
尾韵又称脚韵，是指诗行与诗行之间在行末的押韵。尾韵常分为“完全韵”（perfect rhyme）和“不完全韵”( imperfect rhyme)两种。
（1） 完全韵
一般来说，两个或两个以上的词在下列情况下才能被认为是押完全韵：
1) 重读元音必须相同；
2) 该元音后面的音素（辅音、辅音群，甚至轻读音节）必须完全相同；
3) 该元音前面的辅音必须是不同的音素。
eg lie-high stay-play park-lark fate-late first-burst
follow-swallow
heat-deceit rotten-forgotten win-begin sober-October
(2)不完全韵
不完全韵也称半韵（half rhyme）: 两个或两个以上的词的重读元音相同，但元音前面和后面的辅音却不相同。这种不完全韵在某种情况下是一种腹韵在诗行末尾的体现，如fern-bird, faze-late, like-right
假韵
A quietness distilled,
As twilight long begun,
Or Nature, spending with herself
Sequestered afternoon.
类尾韵-脚韵
Strange Meeting
It seemed that out of battle I escapedDown some profound dull tunnel, long since scoopedThrough granites which titanic wars had groined.Yet also there encumbered sleepers groaned,Too fast in thought or death to be bestirred.Then, as I probed them, one sprang up, and staredWith piteous recognition in fixed eyes,Lifting distressful hands as if to bless.And by his smile, I knew that sullen hallBy his dead smile I knew we stood in Hell.
（3）阳韵（masculine rhyme）与阴韵( feminine rhyme)
从押韵的诗行是以重读音节还是非重读音节结尾，英诗的尾韵还可以分为阳韵和阴韵两类。
阳韵指互相押韵的诗行都是以重读音节的词或是单音节单词结尾，如兰斯顿·休斯的《希望》（Hope）
Sometimes when I am lonely,
Don’t know why,
Keep thinking I won’t be lonely
By and by.
当押韵的诗行是以非重读音节结尾时，即为阴韵，
The comrade of thy wanderings over Heaven, As then, when to outstrip thy skiey speed Scarce seemed a vision; I would ne"er have striven
3. 韵式
（1）连续韵，联韵或流韵，相邻的两行相互押韵的格式
Tiger
(2)交叉韵，隔行押韵
WITH rue my heart is laden
For golden friends I had,
For many a rose-lipt maiden
And many a lightfoot lad.
By brooks too broad for leaping 5
The lightfoot boys are laid;
The rose-lipt girls are sleeping
In fields where roses fade.
（3）首尾韵
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