英语语法基础知识大全_英语语法重点大全


英语语法 2020-09-23 18:06:51 英语语法
[摘要]1)倒装句谓语动词放在主语之前的这种语法现象称为倒装。从倒装的形式来看,可分为全部倒装(full inversion)和部分倒装(partial inversion)两种,前者是指整个谓语置于主语之前[db:cate]

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1)倒装句

谓语动词放在主语之前的这种语法现象称为倒装。从倒装的形式来看,可分为全部倒装(full inversion)和部分倒装(partial inversion)两种,前者是指整个谓语置于主语之前,而后者仅是指助动词、情态动词或be动词等功能置于主语之前。

1、全部倒装

1、句首为there be , stand ,lie, exist,remain, appear, seem,come 等时,引出全部倒装。

There stands a stone bridge across the river.

There stands an old pine tree on the summit of the mountain.

2、句首为状语方位词或表示地点的介词短语:

Then from the portable radio in the corner came the announcer"s voice.

从角落里的便携式收音机里传来了播音员的声音。

At his side lay Eva Brown. 在他的身旁躺着的是爱娃、布劳恩。

3.here ,there, now, then 等开关的句子,位于常用be ,come,go, begin, follow 等,引出倒装:

There goes the bell. 铃响了。

Here comes the bus. 汽车来了。

Now come your turn. 现在轮到你了。

但是,如主语是代词而不是名词时则不发生倒装。

Here it is.

4.在表示动作的简短句子里,为了生动,可把副词放于句首引出倒装。

Out rushed the dog from the gate. 一条狗从大门里嗖地一声窜了出来。

Up went the rocket into the sky. 火箭嗖地一声飞上了天空。

但:Away they went.

5.在表达祝愿的句子里:

Long live the friendship between American and Chinese people!中美人民的友谊万岁!

May you succeed !祝你成功!

6.在强调表语时:

Worst of all were the humiliations .最令人难以忍受的是羞辱。

Such is the case. 情况就是这样。

2、部分倒装

1.省略if 的虚拟条件句子

Had I known what was going to happen, I would never have left her alone.

如果我当时知道可能发生的事的话,我就不会撇下她一个人在那里了。

Were there no air or water, there would be no life in the world.

没有空气和水,世界上就不会有生命。

2.在以so(肯定)和neither,nor(否定)的句子中

He didn"t fear new ideas ,nor did he fear the future . 他不怕新想法,也不怕未来。

I"ve had some good ideas ,so have other men. 我有些新的想法,别人也会有啊。

Distrust can be contagious,but so can trust. 不信任有传染性力,同样信任也具有传染力。

3.当句首状语为否定词或带有否定意义的词语时,如never, little, often ,not only, not until , hardly, scarcely, seldom, no sooner……than, in no way, at no time, under no circumstances, by no means ,in no case, 采用部分倒装

Little does he care about money. 他很少关心钱。

Not until recently did I know what he had done. 直到最近我才知道他所做的事。

4.句首状语由only +副语,only +介词短语,only+状语分词时

Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing 直到昨天他才发现表丢了。

Only in our country can science serve the interests of the people.

只有在我们国家科学才能服务于人民的利益。

5.在强调宾语时

Still greater contributions should we make to our socialist construction.

我们应试为社会主义建设做出更大的贡献。

Useful chemical fertilizer can we make from the waster liquid .\

从废弃液体中我们能提取有用的化学肥料。

2).非谓语动词种类及句法功能

(1)概述

在英语中,不作句子谓语,但仍具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词,叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词有动词不定式(the Infinitive);动名词(the Gerund);现在分词(the Present Participle);过去分词(the past participle.

(2)非谓语动词的句法功能

1)逻辑主语

为了强调是谁发出的一个动作,我们往往要有主语来明确表现。由于非谓语动词在句中不做谓语,所以强调谁发出的动作就不明显。但它又有动词的某些特征,在这种情况下,就有了其逻辑上的主谓关系。在英语中,非谓语动词的逻辑主语各有其不同的表现方式,也是常考的一个语法项目,尤其是动句词和分词的逻辑主语。现在来简要分析一下不定式、动名词和分词中的逻辑主语。

①不定式的逻辑主语是同过介词of for 来体现的。这两个介词使用的区别是:当表语是表示主语的性质或特征时(如:good ,nice,wise,generous,foolish,clever,silly,wrong, stupid, careless, considerate, impolite, naughty等等),我们使用of ;其它的使用for, 请看例句:

It is unwise of t hem to turn down the proposal. 他们拒绝这个建议很不明智。

It is generous of you to stay us for the night.难为你这么慷慨留给我们过夜。

It is a great honour for us to attend this rally. 我们很荣兴参加这个大会。

It is very dangerous for children to swim in the reservoir 孩子们在水库里游泳很危险。

②动名词的逻辑主语是在动名词前用名词或代词来表现的。在句首时一般要使用所有格,在句中一般使用其通格。例如:

Mary"s grunting continuously annoyed her husband,and her mother"s staying with them was the last straw. 玛丽的不断唠叨已经使她丈夫很烦,她母亲来和他们一起住更使他们的关系雪上加霜。

Xiao Li"s being late for school upset the teacher. 小李的迟到让老师很恼火。

Our sole worry is (you ) your relying on yourself too much, 我们唯一的担心是你这个人太相信你自己了。

They insisted Xiao Wang"s going with them together. 他们坚持要小王和他们一起走。

③分词的逻辑主语有两种:一是垂分词的逻辑主语,其二是独立主格结构的逻辑主语,在悬垂结构中,分词的逻辑主语就是主句的主语,如果两者不能构成逻辑上的一致关系则该句结构是错误的,如:

Seen from the space , the earth look like a blue ball. 从太空看起来,地球像个蓝色的球体。

这个悬垂结构 Seen from the space = when the earth is seen,

Laughing and chatting,the pupils left school for home .孩子们说说笑笑回家去了。

同上述结构一样, Laughing and chatting = the pupils were laughing and chatting,

独立主格结构与悬垂结构不同的是独立结构有自己的主语,这个主语有名词或代词通格来表示,放于分词之前,与分词形成逻辑上的主谓关系,例如:

So many comrades being absent,the meeting had to be put off .这么多同志都缺席了,所以会议只得延期。

We all went home ,he remaining behind. 我们都回家了,只有他留在后面。

Weather permitting ,we will go for an outing next week. 如果天气许可,我们下周去郊游。

The job done , we all went home .工作完成之后,我们就都回家去了。

With the tree grown tall,we get more shade.随着树的不断长高,树荫也越来越浓密了。

Everything taken into consideration, this plan seems to be more feasible.把一切考虑在内,这个计划看起来可行。

They worked throughout the night with the lamp lighted. 他们挑灯夜战。

2.非谓语动词考查点

1)谓语动词与非谓语动词的判断

对谓语动词与非谓语动词区别的考查主要集中在独立主格结构,如:

1.All fights _____ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.

A. had been canceled B.have been canceled

C.were canceled D. having been canceled

解析:独立主格结构做状语表示原因。

2)谓语动词后不定式与名词的选择

谓语动词后接不定式还是接动名词也是语法测试中的一个题点。如:

I don"t mind _____ the decision as long as it is not too late.

A.you to delay making B.your delaying making

C/your delaying to make D you delay to make

解析:这是一个带有逻辑主语的动名词结构。依据前面所讲,逻辑主语应是一个带有形容词的物主代词,其后的动词delay 应该是一个动名词。

3)做定语的非谓语动词的选择

对做定语的非谓语动词的考查有两种情况:对一般概念的考查,而不是固定结构中的非谓语动词做定语。

4)做状语的非谓语动词的选择:做状语的非谓语动词主要考查各种形式的选择。

如:_______ from the outer space, our earth looks like a water- covered ball/

A.Having seen B. Seeing C.Seen D.Having been seen

解析:根据分词结构的逻辑主语分析,选项A,B,D都不能和主句中的主语构成逻辑的主谓一致的关系,

从以上各题来看,考查的侧重点有:

(1)状语类别的判断:不同的状语对非谓语动词要求不同,目的状语要求用不定式。如②

(2)非谓语动词与句子属于之间的逻辑关系:根据主谓关系或动宾关系的不同来确定用现在分词还是过去分词。

(3)非谓语动词的否定形式:not否定非谓语动词时置于非谓语动词之前。如③

(4)独立成分:有些非谓语动词的使用不受与句子主语关系的限制,称为独立成分,这类成分只记忆即可。如:generally speaking…… , judging from……, to tell the truth……,等,

5)做补足语的非谓语动词的选择

做宾语补足语的非谓语动词受谓语动词的限制,不同动词后的宾语补足语形式要求不同。如:

They are going to have the service man ________ an electric fan in the office tomorrow.

A.install B.to install C to be installed D installed

解析:have 之后的宾语如果是补足语的发出者,则应使用动词原形。

6)做表语的非谓语动词的选择

These surveys indicate that many crimes go _____ by the police, mainly because not all victims report them.

A.unrecorded B.to be unrecorded C. unrecording D to have been unrecorded

解析:分词做表语可以做系动词be 的表语,也可以做其它系动词的表语,如go,feel,seem,look,remain 等等,这些系动词后非谓语动词的用法规则是相同的。

3)情态动词

情态动词(Model Verbs)又称为情态助动词(Model Auxiliaries.英语中助动词主要有两类:一是基本助动词,如have ,do ,be; 二是情态助动词,如may, must, need ,等。情态动词与其它动词连用表示说话人的语气。情态动词可表达建议、要求、可能和意愿等。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。

(1)情态动词+行为动词完成式

(2)情态动词+行为动词进行式

(3)情态动词+行为动词完成进行式

(4)某些情态动词的特殊用法

1.一般情态动词

1.情态动词的完成式

(1)情态动词的完成式即 情态动词+have+V-ed 分词”,表示对过去行为或动作进行推测、评论或判断。如:

Since the ditch is full of water, it must have rained last night. 沟渠里的水都要满了,想必昨晚一定下雨了。

You couldn"t have met my grandmother ,She died before you were born.

你不可能遇到我的奶奶,因为她早在你出生前就死了。

I can"t find my keys, I may /might have left them at the school yesterday.

我找不到钥匙了。也许昨天丢到学校 了吧。

(2)当情态动词完成式是由 ought to / should 加完成式或否定式 ought not to / shouldn"t 加完成式时,是表示对已发生的情况表示“责备”、“不满”,分别表示“本应该……”和“本不应该……”。例如:

You ought not to make fun of him, He is not the one you laugh at but learn from.

你本不应该取笑他的,他不是你嘲笑而是恰恰是你应该学习的一个人。

You should have finished your composition by yesterday. 你本应该昨天前就把作文写完的。

(3)needn"t have V -ed

needn"t have V-ed 表示过去做了某事,但没有做的必要。意为“本没必要……”

You indent have wakened me up; I don"t have to go to work today.

你本没有必要把我叫醒,因为我今天不上班。

注:表示推测过去某动作发生的可能性时, 就表示的可能性程度而言,

must 最大 could 其次 may 更次之, might 最小

2.情态动词的进行式

情态动词+行为动词进行式(即情态动词+be+V-ing),表示推测或评论某动作现在是否正在进行。 例如:

The light in his study is sill on; he must be working now.

他书房的灯还亮着,想必他现在还在工作。

She shouldn"t be working like that, she is still very weak .

她不应试这样干,她身体还这样弱。

He can"t be telling the truth. 他说的不可能是真话。

3.情态动词的完成进行式

情态动词+行为动词完成进行式 (即情态动词+have been+V-ing形式),表示推测或评论过去某动作是否正在进行或一直在进行。例如:

They are sweating all over, They must have been working in the fields.他们浑身是汗,准是在地里一直干活来着。

They may have been discussing this suggestion all the morning. 今天上午他们可能一直在讨论这个建议来着。

二.特殊情态动词

除了上述的基本情态动词之外,还有一些如would rather ,would sooner ,would (just) as soon, had rather, had better, had sooner, can not but ,may(just) as well 等可用作情态动词。

The soldier would sooner die than surrender .这个战士宁死不降。

If you don"t like to swim ,you may just as well stay at home. 如果你不喜欢游泳,你也可以待在家里啊。

这些短语后一般直接跟动词原形。但是当would(had ) rather, would(had ) sooner, would(just )as soon 后跟that 引导的从句时,从句就要有虚拟语气。对现在和将来的假设用过去时,对过去的假设用过去完成时。例如:

I would rather you went home right now. 我倒宁愿你现在立刻回家去。

I would sooner you hadn"t asked me to speak yesterday. 我倒宁愿你昨天没邀请我讲话。

三.情态动词中应特别注意的典型结构

They must be in the library, aren"t they? 他们一定还在图书馆,对吧?

They must have gone to the library, yhaven"t they? 他们一定去图书馆了,对吧?

They must have been to the library yesterday, didn/t they?

他们昨天一定去了图书馆,是不是?

Let me do it ,will you ? 让我来做,好么?

Let me help you, may I ? 请让我帮你,可以吗?

Don"t move, will you ?请你别动!

Go quickly, can you? 你能不能快点?

Let"s go for a walk, shall we ? 咱们去散步,好么?

He used to live in the countryside, didn"t / usedn"t he ? 他过去住在农村,对吧?

4)时态

1.概述

在作谓语的动词用来表示动作(或情况、状态)发生时间的各种形式称为时态。由于英语属于曲折变化的语言,其动词时态的变化要通过词的曲折词形变化体现的,因而也就有了现在式、过去式、过去分词式三个基本词形英语中根据说话的时间不同有时和体的不同, 主要有四大类(一般时态/进行时态/完成时态/完成进行时态)

现在

一般现在时 do /does

现在进行时 be(am,is ,are) doing

现在完成时 have / has done

现在完成进行时 have / has been doing

过去

一般过去时 did

过去进行时 be(was, were) doing

过去完成时 had done

过去完成进行时 had been doing

将来

一般将来时 shall/ will do

将来进行时 shall(will) be doing

将来完成时 shall (will) have done

将来完成进行时 shall(will)have been doing

过去将来

一般过去将来时 should(would) do

过去将来进行时 should(would) be doing

过去将来完成时 should(would) have done

过去将来完成进行时 should(would) have been doing

2.各时态详解

1 一般现在时

一般现在时主要由动词原形表示,但第三人称单数后要加词尾-S,另外behave要根据人称的变化使用特殊的形式。一般现在时主要表示经常性的动作或存在的状态,还可用来表示普遍真理。

The Yangtze rises in Qinghai . 长江发源于表海。

Actions speak louder than words. 行动胜于言辞。

We have friends all over the world. 我们的朋友遍天下。

2.现在进行时

现在进行时是由助动词be 加现在分词构成的。主要表示现在或现时刻这一阶段正在进行的动作,有时候还用来表示一个最近按计划或安排要进行的动作。

How are things getting on with you ?工作进行的怎么样?

Someone is asking for you on the phone. 有人找你接电话。

They are publishing a new version of the playscript by Taso Yu this autumn.

今年秋天他们要出版曹禺剧作的一个新译本。

3.一般将来时

一般将来时由助动词 shall(will)加动词原形构成。它表示将要发生的动作或情况。

They will sit the post-graduate examinations next autumn. 明年秋天他们要参加硕士考试。

The teacher will not let me go home before I have finished my homework.

老师要我做完作业才能回家。

4.一般过去时

一般过去时动词过去式表示,动词be 根据人称有was were 两个词形。规则动词在词尾加-d ed ; 其他动词参阅不规则动词变化表,该时态主要表示过去某时发生的动作或情况。

It"s a pity that you did not go to the movie . 很遗憾你没有去看那部电影。

Many people died in the tsunami that took place in Thailand. 很多人在泰国的那次海啸中遇难丧生。

5.现在完成时

现在完成时是由助动词have has 加过去分词构成的。主要表示此刻以前曾经发生的动作或情况。如:

Grain output has greatly increased in the past few years .这几年粮食产量有了很大增长。

The area has suffered from disastrous floods throughout its history. 这个地区历史上一直遭受水患之苦。

注意:过去时和现在完成时的区别

现在完成时的基本特点是它和现在有密切的联系,或是指迄今为止这一段时间的情况,或是过去发生的事对现在造成的影响或结果等。而过去时主要强调过去某时刻所发生的动作或情况,与现在没有任何联系。如:

Up till now we have planted over 10000 apple trees.

到目前为止我们共种了一万多棵苹果树。

I saw him a minute ago. 我前一会还见到他的。

6.过去进行时

过去进行时是由助动词be 的过去式加上现在分词构成的,主要表示过去某个时刻正在进行的动作。

At that time she was working as an assistant in a physics libratory.那时她在一家物理实验室做助手。

They took us to see the chemical fiber mill that they were building . 他们带我们去参观了他们正在修建的化纤厂。

7.过去完成时

过去完成时由助动词had 加动词的过去分词构成,主要表示过去某时刻前已完成的动作或存在的状态,其实就是指过去的过去。使用过去时往往要在从句中或有一个明确的过去时间状语。

Before daybreak they had covered half the distance. 拂晓前他们已经走完了大半路程。

No sooner had the rain stopped than they set out again. 雨一停他们就又上路了。

He had not learned and English before he came to the university. 上大学前他一点英语没学过。

8.一般过去将来时

一般过去将来时由助动词would 加动词原形构成。主要表示从过去某一时间角度看以后将要发生的动作。含这个时态的句子常带一个表示“过去某个时间点”的状语。这个状语或是一个短语,或是一个句子,这个时态常用于:宾语从句或间接引语中。例如:

When I thought about it , I wondered what their reaction would be . 当我考虑这件事时,我想知道他们的反应是什么。

She told me that she would go on trip to Europe the next day 她告诉我,好第二天要去欧洲旅行。

Whenever he had time ,he would help his mother with some housework

无论他什么时间有空,他总是帮他妈妈干点家务活。

No matter how difficult the work was , he would keep on doing it until he accomplished it . 不管工作有多难,他总会坚持不懈地把它干完。

9.一般将来完成时

一般将来完成时 shall(will) + have +过去分词构成。主要表示在将来某时已发生的动作。 如:

After we finish this test, we"ll have learned twenty texts. 这课课文结束后,我们就学了二十课文了。

By the next month, I"ll have finished my task. 到下个月,我将完成任务。

They will have hit the target by the end of October. 到十月底他们就可以完成全年的指标了。

10.现在完成进行时

现在完成进行时由have(has) been 加动词的现在分词构成,表示发生在过去的某个动作延续到现在或刚刚完成。或许还要继续延续。这种时态侧重于这个动作的连续性,或者说不间断性。例如:

I"ve been waiting for you for the whole morning . 整个上午我地一直在等你。

It has been raining for three days. 雨连续下了三天。

Where have you been? 你去哪儿啦?

She has been busy preparing the exhibition since we met last time. 自我们上次见面以来,她就一直忙着筹备那个展览。

11.过去完成进行时

过去完成任务进行时由had been 加现在分词构成。表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例如:

It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places. 倾盆大雨下了一周,在许多地区引发了山崩。

At last they got the telegram they had been expecting .最后他们收到了他们一直盼望的电报。

5)虚拟语气

虚拟语气是一种动词形式,表示说话人的一种愿望,假设,怀疑,猜测,建议等含义,虚拟语气所表示的含义不是客观存在的事实。在条件句可分为两类,一类为真实条件句,一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况,故采用虚拟语气。

1、虚拟语气在从句中的使用

虚拟语气即表达式不可能发生或与预期相反的情况。首先我们应熟悉它在三种时态里的使用情况,这是正确使用虚拟语气的基础。这三种时态是:现在;过去;将来。

1.表示现在的虚拟式

时态:现在

从句动词:did / were

主句动词:would + do

If I were a bird, I would fly to you. 如果我是只鸟,我就会飞到你身边去。

If it were not for their help, we should be in a very difficult position. 如果不是他们的帮忙,我们就会处于一个非常困难的境地。

2.表示过去的虚拟式

时态:过去

从句动词:had + done

主句动词:would + have + done

If we had started earlier, we should not have missed the train. 如果我们早一点动身的话,就不会误车了。

If she hadn"t been ill , she might have come .如果她不是病了,可能会来的。

3.表示将来的虚拟式

时态:将来

从句动词:should +do /were to + do

主句动词: would +do

If Professor Li should have time tomorrow, we could ask him some questions. 如果李教授明天有空的话,我们可以问他点问题。

If there should be no air, there would be no living things . 如果没有空气,就不会有生物。

2.错综时间的虚拟句

通常情况下,在非真实条件句中主句和从句的谓语动词所指时间是一致的,但有时也可能指不同的时间,这时要根据上下文的意思采用不同的谓语动词形式。

If I were you , I could have taken his advice. (从句指现在,主句指过去)。换成我是你,我就会听从他的建议。

If I had taken my raincoat with me this morning , I would not be wet now. (从句指过去,主句指现在)如果我早上带了雨衣,现在就不会被淋湿了。

If we hadn"t been working hard in the past few years , things wouldn"t be going so smoothly. (从句指过去,主句指现在)如果过去几年里不努力工作,现在的情况就不会如此顺利了。

If the weather had been more favorable , the crops would be growing still better. (从句指过去,主句指现在) 如果当时的天气更好点,现在的庄稼就会长得更好。

If we had not got everything ready by now, we should be having a more terrible time tomorrow.(从句指现在,主句指将来) 如果现在一切还没有准备好,明天情况就更糟了。

3.含蓄条件句

有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示出来,二是暗含在上下文中,比如通过介词短语来表示。这些介词常是:but for ,without, otherwise 等。如:

But for your advice, Icould not have done it so successfully. 如果不是听了你的建议,我就不会做的如此成功。

The change could not have taken place without the open+door policy. 没有开放的政策,就不会有如此大的变化。

I was so busy then; Otherwise, I would have told him the answer.

我当时很忙,否则,我就会把答案告诉他的。

6)主谓一致的用法

主谓一致有许多原则,概括起来不外乎三种一致原则,即:语法形式一致;概念一致(语言内容上一致);毗邻一致(谓语动词的单复数形式和紧位于其前的主语一致)

另外,根据代词应该在人称、数、性等方面与所指的词保持一致,还有指代一致。

1、语法形式一致

1.单数主语、单个动词不定式、动句词短语以及句子做主语,谓语动词要用的单数形式。复数主语,用and both ……and 连接的动词不定式短语、动句词短语以及主语从句做主语,谓语动词则用复数形式。例如:

Serving the people is my great happiness. 为人民服务是我最大的幸福。

Whether we"ll go depends on the weather .我们是否去要取决于天气的好赖。

What I think and what I seek have been fairly reflected in my paper. 我所思考的和我所寻求的都在这个论文中体现了出来。

2.as well as ,with, along with ,like, together with, rather than, except , but , including, accompanied by ,plus, besides, in addition to ,no less than 等引起的结构跟在主语后面,不能看作是并列主语,该主语不受这些词组引导的插入语的影响,主语如是单数,其谓语动词仍然用单数形式。如:

The reading course book ,plus its reference books, is helpful to college students. 教材加上参考书时对大学学生是非常有益的。

The man together with his wife and children sits on the sofa watching TV.

那个人和他妻儿老小坐在沙发上看电视。

3.有些代词只能指单数可数名词,当它们在句子中做主语时,尽管在意义上是多数,谓语动词仍要用单数形式。这类代词有either ,neither, each, one , the other, another, somebody, someone , something , anyone , anything , anybody, everyone, everything , everybody, no one , nothing , nobody 等,例如:

Neither likes the friends of the other, 两人都不喜欢对方的朋友。

Everything around us is matter. 我们周围的所有东西都是物质。

4.and 连结的两个名词是指同一个人或同一件事,and 后的名词前没有冠词,谓语动词要用单数形;and 后面的名词前有冠词,谓语就用复数形式,例如:

The bread and butter is served for breakfast. 早饭供应黄油面包。

The bread and the butter are on sale .正在出售黄油和面包。

5.one of ,a portion of , a series of , a species of , a chain of 结构做主语时,谓语动词要用单数形式。例如:

One of those students has passed the examination. 这些学生只有一个考试及格了。

A series of pre-recorded tapes has been prepared for language laboratory use. 为语音课提前准备了一系列录音磁带。

6.one and a half +复数名词或the majority of +名词做主语时,谓语动词视名词的单复数形式而定。例如:

The majority of the damage is easy to repair. 大部分的损坏品都容易修理。

7.plenty of , half of ,a lot of lots of heaps of , loads of ,scads of +可数与不可数名词做主语时,不可数名词的谓语只用单数可数名词的谓语视可数名词的单复数而定。例如:

There is plenty of water in the pail.桶里还有好多水。

There are plenty of eggs in the box. 箱子里有好多鸡蛋。

8.more than one ( more than one + 单数名词)many a +单数名词做主语,谓语动词要用单数形式。例如:

More than one student has passed the examination . 不止一个学生通过了这次考试。

Many a boy learns to swim before he can read. 许多孩子在认字前就学会了游泳。

9.如果名词词组中心词是“分数或百分数+of +名词”,谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于of 后的名词或代词的单、复数形式。例如:

Over three-quarters of the land has been reclaimed.四分之三多的土地已经收回了。

Two-thirds of the people present are against the plan 到场的三分之二的人都反对这个计划。

10.定语从句谓语动词的单复数形式应与先行词一致。例如:

He is one of the men who were chosen to represent the group. 被选出来代表该组的人他是其中之一。

keep coolis the first of the rules that are to be remembered in an accident.“镇静”

是事故发生时应当牢记的第一条原则。

2.概念一致(语言内容一致)

1.有些集合名词如crowd , family , team, orchestra(管弦乐队)group , government,committee, class , school , union , firm , staff , public 等,它们做主语时,谓语动词的数要根据语言内容而定。如果它们作为一个集体单位时,动词用单数形式,如就其中的各个成员来说,则谓语用复数形式。例如

His family is going to move . 他准备搬家。

His family are very well.他家人身体都好。

2.有些表示总体意义的名词,形式上是单数,而意义上却是复数,谓语动词要用复数形式,如people , police , militia , cattle , poultry (家禽).等,例如:

The police are searching for a tall dark man with a beard . 警察正在搜寻一位肤色黝黑、长胡子的高个子男人。

3.有些名词形式上是复数,而意义上却是单数。如news,means,works,还有许多以ics 结尾的学科名称,如economics, physics ,mechanics ,politics 等,它们做主语时,谓语动词要用单数形式。例如:

Politics is a complicated business. 政治学是一门复杂的东西。

Here is the news . 下面播送新闻。

4.and 连接的单数主语前面有each, every ,many a ,no 等修饰时,谓语动词要用单数形式。复数主语each连用时,应不受each的影响,谓语动词仍用数形式。例如:

Every boy and girl is treated in the same way. 每个男孩,女孩都是以同样的方式对待的。

Many a boy and many a girl has seen it .很多姑娘小伙子都见过。

The old workers and the young each have their own tools. 青老年工人都各自有自己的工具。

5.表示重量、度量、衡量、价值的复数名词做主语,谓语动词常用单数形式。例如:twenty miles is a long way to walk .二十里地可是不近的路程。

Three pints isn"t enough to get me drunk. 三品脱还不至于把我灌醉。

The +形容词做主语时,如主语指的是一类人,谓语动词用复数形式;如果指的是单个人或抽象概念,谓语动词用单数形式。例如:

The departed was a good friend of his .死者是他的一位好友。

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