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时态与语态
主动态：用于主动句中，它表示主语是谓语动词所表示动作的执行者。通常如果主动句中谓语动词是及物动词时，主动句可转换成被动句。
被动态：用于被动句中，它表示主语是谓语动词所表示动作的承受者。
用于被动的情况：
1、 by短语（by+动作执行者）；
2、 不知道、不必知道或不愿说出动作的执行者；
3、 用于表示“据说”、“据信”、“据报道”、“据估计”、“众所周知”、“必须指出”、等句子，使语气更加委婉。
word/media/image2.png一般现在时：动词原形或第三人称单数（复数形式）
用法：①、表示现在动作或状态
例句：1.I agree with you.
2.He works in a hospital.
3.-Are you a student? -Yes,I am.
4.There is a book on the desk.
5.This book is written by Mr.Chen.(被动)
6.It is said that there is plenty of oil off our coast(沿海).(被动)
7.It must be pointed out that China is a development country.(被动)
②、经常性或习惯性的动作（与频度副词always,usually,frequently,regularly,rarely,seldom,never,sometimes）
例句：1.We always care for each other and help each other.
2.I usually get up at 6:00 every morning.
3.He drinks heavily.
4.He rarely rains here.
5.Films are often shown in our university.(被动)
③、普遍真理或客观事实
例句：1.The earth move round the Sun.
2.China lies in the east of Asia.
3.Practice makes perfect.(熟能生巧)
4.A friend in need is a friend indeed.（患难朋友才是真正朋友）
5.Cars are driven with engines(发动机).（被动）
④、表示将来要发生的动作
word/media/image3.png、用于陈述句(谓语动词是begin,start,come,go,arrive,leave,depart,return,retire,stay,stop,end,open,close及be动词等时，可表示规定、计划或安排要发生的事情，通常与表示将来的时间状语连用)
例句：1.The meeting begins tomorrow.
2.The train arrives at 2:30 p.m and leaves at 3:00 p.m.
3.The match takes place on Sunday.
4.He retires（退休） next month.
5.Tomorrow is Saturday.
6.Who speaks next.
word/media/image4.png、用于时间状语从句（通常由when,as,after,before,till/untill,as soon as等连词引导）
例句：1.I’ll come and see you when I have time.
2.I’ll write to you after I leave Shanghai.
3.Is mother going to leave before we get back?
4.He will stay here untill/till you come.
5.We will start as soon as you are ready.
word/media/image5.png、用于条件状语从句(通常由if,unless,in case,so long as等连词引导)
例句：1.We can catch the bus if we hurry up.
2.If the weather permits,we’ll go for a picnic tomorrow.
3.I won’t write to him unless he writes to me.
4.You will fail unless you work harder.
⑤、一般现在时还可以用于：
1. 报刊、杂志新闻标题或小说章节题目；
2. 剧情介绍或广播电视解说词；
3. 舞台表演、体育比赛等现场解说。
word/media/image6.png一般过去时（动词过去式）
1、 过去某时发生的动作或存在的状态（通常与表示过去的时间状语连用）
例句：1.I met her yesterday.
2.He worked in that bank for five years.
3.I saw him ten minutes ago.
4.-Did you hear Mary sing just now? –No,I didn’t.
5.That bridge was built in 1980.(被动)
②、过去经常性或习惯性动作（只适用于动态供词和would,可与often,alaways等频度副词连用）
例句：1.I uesd to go to the movies when I was young.
2.We often did morning exercises when we were young.
3.She always carrled(撑着) an unbrella.
4.He never drank wine.
5.At that time this kind of work was always done by men.(被动)
6.While having breakfest,he would read newspapers in those days.
③、表示委婉语气（一般用于want,hope,think,wonder等词）
例句：1.I hope you could atend the opening ccremony(开幕式).
2. Did you want to see me?
3.I thought I might come and see you this evening.
4.I wondered if you could lend me your pen.
④、表示虚拟语气
word/media/image7.png一般将来时（will/shall+动词原形）shall用于第一人称
①、将要发生的动作或状态（通常要与表示将来的时间状语连用）
例句：1.We will/shall arrive this afternoon.
2.-Will you be busy tonigh? -Yes,I will.
3.He won’t come to the party next week.
4.When will you be able to give us an answer?
5.Spring will come again.
6.The conference(会议) will be held tomorrow.(被动)
②、表示一种倾向或习惯性动作
例句：1.Crops(庄稼) will die without water.
2.Whenever he has time,he will come and see us.
⊿be going to+动词原形与be to+动词原形也可表示将要发生的动作或情况。
word/media/image8.pngbe going to+动词原形(表示打算或准备要做的事或即将肯定要发生的事)
例句：word/media/image9.png、I am going to buy a house.
word/media/image10.png、She isn’t going to meet him at the station.
word/media/image11.png、Is he going to leature in English?
word/media/image12.png、Who is going to speak first?
word/media/image13.png、She is going to have a baby.
word/media/image14.png、Look at these clouds!It is going to rain.
word/media/image15.pngbe to+动词原形(表示按计划安排即将发生的事或表示指示、命令、禁止或征求意见)
例句：word/media/image9.png、This railway is to be opened to traffic next month.(被动)
word/media/image10.png、The Prime Minister（首相） is to make a statement(声明) tomorrow.
word/media/image11.png、You are to deliver these invitations before ten.(指示、命令)
word/media/image12.png、You are not to tell him anything about our plans.（禁止）
word/media/image13.png、Am I to go on with the work?(征询)
⊿其他固定结构
例句：word/media/image9.png、Look out!The train is about to move.
word/media/image10.png、Look!The match is on the point of starting.
word/media/image11.png、The guests are due to arrive next week.
word/media/image16.png现在进行时（主动：am/are/is doing 被动：am/are/is being done）
①、表示现在（说话时）正在进行的动作
例句：1.The students are making an experiment now.
2.I am not doing my homework.
3.It is raining now.
4.Who/Whom are you waiting for?
5.-What are you doing now? –I am watching TV.
6.A power station is being built there.(被动)
2、 表示现阶段（暂时）正在进行的动作（说话时不一定正在进行）
例句：1.We are attending a conference these days.
2.Prof.Zhang is writing a book on ecology(生态).
3.He is a teacher of physics,but he is now teaching mathematics.
4.These days a number of things are being dealt with by Robert.(被动)
5.Don’t take that ladder away.Your father is using it.
3、 表示不断重复的习惯性动作（常和always,continually等频度副词连用）
例句：1.He is always helping people.
2.It is always raining.
3.She is continually changing clothes.
4.Our burglar alarm(防盗报警器) is forever going off for no reason.
4、 表示渐进的过程(只适用于某些表示转变的动词)
例句：1.His hair is turning grey.
2.People are becoming less tolerant of smoking these days.
3.I am forgetting my French because I never speak it.
4.When spring comes,the days are getting longer and the lights shorter.
⑤、表示即将发生的动作（按现在计划或安排要发生的动作，常带有将来的时间状语，通常只适用于go,come,arrive,leave,start,stop,meet,play,do,work,give,take,have,stay,spend,join,publish,(see)等少量动词）
例句：1.The train is arriving soon.
2.He is leaving in a few days.
3.I am seeing him tomorrow.
4.I’m having dinner with her tonight.
word/media/image17.png过去进行时（主动：was/were doing被动：was/were being done）
①、表示过去某个时刻或阶段正在发生的动作（通常要用表达过去时间状语表示）
例句：1.When I arrived,Tom was taking on the telephone.
2.They were discussing a work plan when I went in.
3.What were you doing this time yesterday?
4.In those years we were having a hard time.
5.The wind was no longer blowing,but it was still drizzling(下雨).
6.The machine was being repaired last month.(被动)
②、表示过去不断重复的动作（常与always,continually连用，表示赞美厌烦）
例句：1.She was forever complaining about something.
2.He was always borrowing money and forgetting to pay it back.
3.They were always ringing me up when they lived here.
4.When he worked in factory,Robert was continually making mistakes.
③、表示客气请求
例句：1.I was wondering if you could give me a lift(搭车).
2. I was hoping you could send me some books.
④、在故事、传说、自传、报道等文体中表示背景
例句：Last night,I was reading a newspaper.Suddenly,there was a knock at the door.
word/media/image18.png将来进行时（will/shall be doing（无被动））
①、表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作（一般和特定表示时间状语连用）
例句：1.We will be having teaching practice next week.
2.They will be taking an examination this time tomorrow.
3.I will be seeing a friend off the day after tomorrow.
4.We will be having a meeting from 2 to 4 this afternoon.
5.What will you be doing in the evening?
②、表示单纯未来（不带情感色彩）
例句：1.I will be working on this tomorrow.
2.You will be woring here.
3.Mike won’t be buying this car.
4.Will she be joining us for dinner?
5.What shall we doing next?
word/media/image19.png现在完成时（主动：have/has done被动：have/has been done）
①、从过去持续到现在（并可能继续持续下去）的动作（常与so far,up to now等时间状语及for,since引导的时间状语连用）
例句：1.I have studied English for three years.
2.She has lived here since 1990.
3.I haven’t been very successful so far.
4.Up to/till now he has won five prizes.
5.Thousands of cars have been made in our factory this year.(被动)
6.It is the first time(that)I have been here.
②、过去不确定时间里完成的动作（该动作与现在有联系或有影响）
例句：1.I have already seen that film.
2.-Have you had lunch yet? –No,I haven’t had lunch yet.
3.The train has just left the station.
4.Have you(ever)met her before?
5.There have been a lot of changes recently.
6.He has just been sent to England.(被动)
③、反复或习惯性动作（与often,frequently,regularly,several times连用）
例句：1.I have often walked to work.
2.He has frequently made mistakes in his work.
3.She has attended classes regularly.
4.I have seen him on TV several times.
5.I have never done a ting like this.
word/media/image20.png过去完成时（主动：had done 被动：had been done）
①、从过去某时之前持续到过去某时（并可能继续持续下去）的动作（常与by,before等引导的表示过去某时为止的时间状语连用，且常有由for,since引出的时间状语，表示该动作在过去持续的时间）
例句：1.He had worked in that company for ten years by the end of last year.
2.He had lived in Shanghai for five years before he moved here.
3.She said that she had made much progress since she came here.
4.It was the second time(that)I had heard her sing the song.
②、过去某时以前已经完成的动作（常用于表示带有特定过去时间状语句子中，或出现在表示过去时间的上下文中）
例句：1.He hadn’t finished the task by yesterday evening.
2.The concert (had)started before we got to the hall.
3.The discussion had been begun when I went into the classroom.(被动)
4.They realized they had lost their way.
5.He found the book that he had lost.
6.She was excited because she had never been to a dance before.
7.After the teacher (had)left the room,the children started talking.
8.We had already left home when it begen to rain.
③、表示过去未曾实现的愿望（用法仅限于expect,hope,want,intend/mean等）
例句：1.I had expected to meet you in London,but I heard you left English.
2.I had hope to send you a telegram(电报),but I didn’t manage it.
3.They had wanted to help,but they couldn’t get here in time.
4.I hadn’t intend/meant to take my children on the trip,but they insisted on going with me.
④、用于虚拟语气
word/media/image21.png将来完成时（主动：will/shall have done被动：will/shall have been done）
①、将来某时已经完成的动作或状态
例句：1.By the year 2015 we will have built Pudong airport.
2.When you come back next week,they will have finished all the work.
3.I expect you will have changed your mind by tomorrow.
4.I won’t have left by Monday.
②、表示对现状的揣测
例句：1.They will have arrived home by now.
2.Peter and I worked together for five years.He won’t have forgotten me.
word/media/image22.png现在完成进行时（have/has been doing（无被动））
①、从过去某时开始一直延续到现在（现在仍在进行或刚结束）的动作（常与for,since引导的时间状语连用）
例句：1.The satellite(卫星) has been cirelling the earth for five years.
2.We have been waiting for you for more than two hours.
3.He has been writing that essay since this morning.
4.We have just been talking about you.
②、现在、以前一段时间反复发生的事情
例句：1.We have been seeing each other quite a lot recently.
2.She has been cycling to work for the last several weeks.
(十一)一般过去将来时（主动：would/should do被动：would/should be done，通常用于宾语从句中，表示在过去某一时刻之后，将要发生的动作或存在的状态）
例句：1.He said that he would get married soon.
2.She asked me whether/if I would/should be free tonight.
3.I want to know when she would come here again.
4.Sam thought that it would not rain.
5.He told me that an important meeting would be held tomorrow.
6.At that time she was five years old.In two years she would go to school.
△一般过去将来时还可用was/were going to+动词原形表示
例句：1.He said that he was going to try again.
2.They didn’t tell me where they were going to go.
△时态呼应：句子中如果主句谓语动词使用现在或将来时态，从句的时态可根据意想而定。但如果谓语动词使用过去时态，则从句谓语动词也要使用相应的过去时态。
word/media/image8.png当从句动作与主句动作同时发生，从句用一般过去时或过去进行时
例句：1.I worked so hard that I was always tired.
2.The teacher said that the students were having an exam.
word/media/image15.png当从句动作发生在主句动作之前，从句要用过去完成时
例句：1.She knew that she had made a mistake.
2.He told me that he had been offered a well-paid position(高薪职位).
word/media/image23.png当从句动作发生在主句动作之后，从句要用一般过去将来时
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定语从句
限制性定语从句：对所修饰词起限定作用，使该词的含义更具体、明确。
非限制性定语从句：对所修饰词只作附加说明，从句与主句间用逗号隔开。
①、由关系代词that,who,whom,which,whose引导
修饰人时，关系代词用who(宾格whom)或that
修饰物时，关系代词用which或that
☆非正式文体中，做宾语的关系代词可以省略，作主语关系代词只有当主语是It is/was…,that is/was…,there be…时才可省略
☆定语从句谓语动词形式应与所修饰词保持数的一致
例句：1.The man who/that called me this morning is my good friend.
2.Then he met Mary,who invited him to a party.(非限制性定语从句)
3.The girl(whom/that)you say yesterday is my girlfriend.
4.Here is Alice,(whom)I mentioned the other day.(非限制性定语从句)
5.This is the book which/that has just appeared.
6.The reason (which/that)he gave was unacceptable.
7.Last year she bought this car,which cost her $10.000.
8.A teacher is a person whose duty (it) is to teach.
9.This is George,whose class you will be talking next week.(非限定)
10.That is the new machine whose parts are too small to be seen.
11.This is a lamp,whose light(the light of which)travels in all directions
②、若先行词是everything,something,anything,nothing,none,one,all,some,any,no,little,few,much,the only,the same,the very,the next,the first/last与the+形容词最高级等及先行词由人和物组成时，关系代词应用that或省略；而当先行词是everyone,everybody,someone,anyone,anybody时，关系代词用who或whom。
例句：1.Is that everything that you want to tell us?
2.I have never taken anything that didn’t belong to me.
3.That was all that I could do for you.
4.There is not much that I can do.
5.This is the only property that I have.
6.This is the very film that I want to see.
7.He was the first/last person that left the room.
8.This was one of the best movies that I had ever seen.
9.He is the greatest man that has ever lived in that country.
10.There are only three boys and two cars that I can see.
11.Is there anyone here who can speak English?
12.He saw the manager talking to somebody whom he didn’t know.
③、由介词+whom/which引出的定语从句
△介词前置，指人时关系代词用whom,指物时关系代词用which
△介词后置，指人时关系代词用whom或that或省略, 指物时关系代词用which或that或省略
☆非限制性定语从句，限定词all,most,some,any,few,both,one等可与of+whom/which连用，表示部分与整体关系
例句：1.The colleague(同事)with whom I am working can speak French.
2.The colleague (whom/that) I am working with can speak French.
3.He is a man from whom we all should learn.
4.He is a man (whom/that) we all should learn from.
5.Mr.Jones,for whom I was looking,was a professor.
6.Mr.jones,(whom/that)I was looking for,was a professor.
7.This is the house in which I lived ten years ago.
8.This is the house (which/that) I lived ten years ago.
9.The ladder on which I was standing began to slip.
10.The ladder (which/that) I was standing on began to slip.
11.The car,for which she paid $1,000.
12.The car,(which/that) she paid $1,000.
13.Molecules(分子)make up matter（物质）,the state of which/whose state（状态） can be changed.
14.There are 108 known elements(元素),most of which are metals（金属）.
15.I have three brothers,all of whom are studying at university.
16.My wife and son,both of whom had gone abroad,rang me up yesterday.
④、修饰way,direction,distance等名词，除了可用介词+which引出从句外，还可用that来引出，或者省略连接词
例句：1.That is the way (in which/that) he worked.
2.The direction (in which/that) a force is acting can be changed.(力作用方向可以改变)
3.The distance (through which/that) light travels in a second is about 300,000 kilometers.
⑤、由关系副词when,where,why引出定语从句
例句：1.I don’t remember the day (when/on which) he left.
2.He worked for the three months (when/during which) he lived there.
3.The year (when/in which) I entered the university was 1990.
4.I didn’t know the time (when/that/at which) he came back.
5.With TV,we can see things happen almost at the exact moment(有了电视，我们几乎能在事情发生的那一瞬间就看到它们).
6.That is the place where/in which he was born.
7.That is the place (which/that) he was born in.
8.Here is the office where/at which he works.
9.Here is the office (which/that) he works at.
10.That is the reason (why/that/for which) she spoke.
11.We’ll put off(推迟) the race untill next week,when the weather may be better.（非限制性定语从句）
12.In 1982,he came to Shanghai,where he has lived ever since.（非限定）
⑥、由关系代词as,but引出的定语从句
例句：1.In the nuclear power station we use the same generator as is used in the thermal power station.在核电站中，我们使用与热电站想通的发电机
2.Ice consists of the same molecules as water (consist of).冰是由与水相同的分子组成的。
3.He works in the same workshop as(/that) I do.
4.I want such a coat as is worn by foreigns.
5.No one will believe such stories as he told.
6.I have never seen such kind of people as they are.
7.I had seldom seen him looking as pleased as he was now.
8.There is no rule but has (which/that doesn’t have) exception(无例外).
9.There is no one in the world but knows (who doesn’t know) the Great Wall.
⑦、由as和which引出的特种定语从句
例句：1.As was usual at the weekend,the club was almost cmpty.
2.As you can see,we have got a problem with the engine(发动机).
3.Metals(金属) have many good propertics（性能）,as has been stated before.
4.He missed the train,which annoyed(恼火) him very much.
5.They said they were French,which was not true.
6.The rain rattled(打)on the roof all night,which kept us awake.
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非谓语动词
word/media/image2.png动词不定式
☆不定式的一般式表示的动作与主要谓语动词同时或之后发生；完成式所表示的动作在主要谓语动作之前发生；进行式表示的动作在主要谓语动作发生时某动作正在进行；完成进行式表示的动作在谓语表示动作之前一直进行的动作。
△不定式的逻辑主语是其动作承受者时，不定式要用被动形式。
⊿及物动词aim,agree,appear,arrange,ask,beg,bother,care,choose,claim,consent,dare,decide,demand,deslre,determine,elect,endeavour,expect,fail,find,guarantee,happen,help,hesitate,hope,wish,learn,long,manage,mean,offer,plan,plot,pledge,prepare,pretend,proceed,profess,protnise,refuse,seem,seck,strive,swear,tend,think,threaten,trouble,undertake,volunteer,wear后常跟带to不定式
▽疑问词/whether+to+V原（advise,ask,concider,decide,discover,discuss,explain,find out,forget,inquire,know,learn,remember,show,teach,tell,think,understand,wonder+to+V原）
△在do nothing(/anything/everything)but(/except/besides)句型中，but/except/besides等后跟不带to 的不定式作宾语；但如果不是这种句型，那么but/except/besides后要跟带to不定式作宾语
例句：1.Last night I did nothing but watch television.
2.Tom will do anything but work on a farm.
3.I have done nothing except do what I should.
4.The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking.
word/media/image6.png分词
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虚拟语气
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强调句、倒装句和省略句
word/media/image2.png强调句
word/media/image6.png倒装句
倒装句是指谓语的全部或一部分放到主语之前的句子。其中，整个谓语置于主语之前的倒装称为全部倒装；谓语的一部分（如情态动词和助动词）放到主语之前的倒装称为局部倒装。
①、在疑问句中的倒装
例句：1.Are you a college student?
2.Have you finished your work?
3.What is your plan for the summer vacation?
4.Why can fibreboard insulatc sound?（为什么纤纸板能隔音？）
②、在there be句型中的倒装
例句：1.There is a television on the table.
2.There are a large number of books in the library.
3.There can be no mistake about the calculation(计算).
4.There is no stopping him.
③、以地点状语here,there,back,down,away,in,out,off,up等副词开头的及时间状语now,then等副词开头的句子的倒装
△以这些副词开头（表示地点和时间）的句子，当主语为名词（词组）时，要用全部倒装（但主语是代词时，保持正常语序）
例句：1.Here is your car.
2.Here comes a taxi!
3.Here we are!(我们到了！)
4.There goes the last bus.
5.There stands a strange man.
6.There he comes!
7.Down came the rain.
8.In came(忽然)a man in army uniform（制服）.
9.Out rushed（冲出来）the bandit(歹徒)with a gun in his hand.
10.Up and up went the ballon(气球).
11.Now is the best time to visit Beijing.
12.Now comes your turn.
13.Then came a new problem.
14.Then followed eight years of the Anti-Japanese War（接着是八年抗战）.
④、由介词词组表示的状语（从句）前置引起的倒装
△当主语是较长的名词（词组）时要全部倒装（若主语是代词不能倒装）
例句：1.At the top of the hill stands an old temple（庙宇）.
2.In front of the village flows a murmuring stream.村前流淌着潺潺溪水。
3.On the side of the late stood a beautiful paviliton(亭子).
4.Behind the door lies a vacuum cleaner(吸尘器).
5.By his side sat the faithful(忠实的)pet dog.
6.Among the visitors were a group of tourists from abroad.
⑤、only引导的状语（从句）位于句首时引起的倒装
例句：1.Only last week did the opening ceremony(典礼)take place.
2.Only is this way can we learn a foreign language well.
3.Only after the class is over can students leave the classroom.
4.Only through sheer luch did he escape death in the crash.他在空难中得以逃生完全是侥幸。
5.Only with the help of my friends have I finished compiling(编写)this book.
⑥、否定词位于句首时引起的倒装
例句：1.Never have I been abroad.
2.To few people does such an opporlunity occur(机遇).
3.Little does he know that the police are about to arrest(逮捕)him.
4.Seldom do I go to the movies.
5.Nowhere was the boy to be found.
6.No longer are they staying with us.
7.No sooner had he arrived in New York than he went to the conference.
8.Hardly did I think it possible.
9.scarcely(刚刚)had I collected the clothes when it began to rain.
10.In vain(陡然)did we try to make him change his mind.
11.At no point south of the river did the enemy(敌人)advance(前进)more than a mile.
12.At no time and under no circumstances,should we yield to difficulty.在任何时候和任何情况下，我们都不应该向困难屈服。
13.On no account must you accept any money against your conscience.你绝不可以收受昧了良心的钱。
14.Not a word would he say.他一句话也不肯说。
15.Not until a week ago did I find out where he was.
16.Not only had she cleaned the room,but also she had got the supper ready.
⑦、以so/such…that开头的句子的局部倒装
例句：1.So rapidly did he speak that nobody could hear clearly.
2.So dense(浓)was the fog(雾）that the ship had no stop sailing(航行).
3.Such was his strength that he carried all the big boxes onto the third floor.他力气真大，把所有的大箱子搬上了三楼。
4.Such was the force(威力)of the explosion（爆炸）that all the windows were broken.
⑧、so,nor/neither位于句首引起的倒装
△在so(表示肯定)，nor/neither(表示否定)开头的句子中要局部倒装。
例句：1.-White studies electrical(电力)engineering（工程）. –So do I.
2.I went to the football game yeasterday,and so did tom.
3.-You haven’t read this article. –Nor/Neither have I.
4.He can’t do it,nor can I,nor can you,nor can anybody.
word/media/image7.png省略句
①、简单句中的省略
例句：1.-Are these shirts white? –Yes,they are(white).
2.-Are you hungry? –(I’m) Not very (hungry).
3.-Who is that man? –(He is)My cousin(堂哥).
4.-How is the weather? –(It is)Going to clear up(快晴了).
5.-When are we due to arrive? –(We are due to arrive)In about two hours.
6.-How many classes do you have in the morning?
-(We have)Four(classes in the morning).
7.-Will you join us? –I should love to.
8.-Linda has bought a car. -when?
9.-He won’t come. -why?
10.-I went to an exhibition(展览)this morning? -With whom?
11.-It looks like a shower(下阵雨). –Yes,somewhat（有点像）.
12.-I imagine this is a very old building. –Very likely.
13.-I hope I am not disturbing you too much. –Certainly not.
14.(I’m)Glad to see you.
15.(I)Hope to hear from you soon.
16.(Are you)Feeling better today?
17.(Is there)Anything I can do for you?
18.(Would you)Like a cigarette?
19.(It’s)A nice day again!
20.(That’s)A good idea!
21.How wonderful(it is)!
22.What a great achievement(成就)(it is)!
23.(Come)This way,please!
24.(Pass me)The sugar,please!
②、并列句中的省略
例句：1.I major in English,and he(majors)in French.
2.My room is on the second floor,and his(room is)on the third.
3.Substances are made up of molecules,and molecules(are made up)of atoms.物质由分子组成，分子由原子组成。
4.I will buy a house,and she will(buy a house)too.
5.John was the winner in 1996,and Bob(was the winner)in 1997.
6.My brother smokes a lot,but I don’t(smoke).
7.The tried to help her,but(they tried)in vain(无用).
8.We still have shortcomings,and(we have)very big ones,too.
9.They have increased trade with China and(they have increased trade)with other East-Asian countries,too.
10.They tried to combat pollution,but(they did)not(combat pollution)very successfully at the beginning.
11.Light is a radiant energy(辐射能),but sound is not(a radiant energy).
12.George will(take the course)and Pauf might take the course.
③、复合句中的省略
例句：1.(I)Hope you will have a good journey.
2.(I’m)Sorry I’ve kept you waiting.
3.(It’s)Too bad she won’t be able to go to the party.
4.(It’s)No wonder(毫无疑问)they were very sad to hear the news.
5.-Are you going to buy the house? –Unless my wife objects(反对).
6.-You all like the story? -Yes,except that the conclusion is too abrupt(只是收尾太快了些).
7.When(he was)still a boy of six,he was sent away from home(送出家门).
8.Enemics,once(they are)discovered,will be completely wiped out.一旦发现敌人，就全部消灭之。
9.If(it is)necessary,I’ll pay him a personal visit.
10.An object at rest remains at rest unless(it is)acted upon by an external force.静止的物体，如果不受外力的作用，永远保持静止状态。
11.Though(they were)reduced in numbers,they gained in fighting capacity.
虽然他们人数减少了，战斗力却增强了。
12.The documents(文件)will be returned（发还）as soon as(they are)signed(签署).
13.In our company,everybody is well taken care of,no matter what his position(位置，职位)(is).
14.Light travels much fast than sound(does).
15.This bridge is as long as that one(is).
16.The speed of radio waves is the same as that of light(is).
17.Such substances as glass and plastics(are)insulators.
18.The greater(is)the resistance,the smaller(is)the current.电阻越大，电流越小。
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情态动词
word/media/image2.pngcan和could
①、表示能力（can表示现在的能力，could表示过去的能力）
word/media/image8.png如果要表示过去一次性能力，要用was/were able to
word/media/image15.png如果要表示已经具有某种能力，要用have/has been able to
word/media/image23.png如果要表示将来的能力，通常用will be able to
②、表示许可
③、表示可能
word/media/image8.pngcan可表示潜在的可能性，也可表示揣测、怀疑、惊异等情态（此时通常用于疑问句、否定句或惊叹句中）
word/media/image15.png如果要表达过去的可能还可用can/could have V-ed（这里can只能用于疑问句或否定句中），这比单独用could语气更委婉
word/media/image23.pngcould have V-ed（本可以）还可以表示过去可能有能力做却没有做的事
word/media/image24.pngcould只有在过去时间的语境中表示的意义与can相同，否则，只表示一种婉转语气
word/media/image6.pngmay和might
①、表示许可
②、表示可能
word/media/image8.png如果要表达过去的可能还可用may/might have V-ed这比用might语气更婉转
word/media/image15.pngmight只有在过去的时间的语境中表示意义与may相同，否则，只表示一种婉转语气
word/media/image7.pngmust
①、表示义务（必须，不得不）（must=have to）
word/media/image8.png在表示过去的必须时通常用had to，在表示将来的必须时通常用will have to
word/media/image15.pngmustn’t不许，不准；needn’t不必，没有必要
②、表示揣测
③、表示必然
word/media/image16.pngwill和would
①、表示意图（想要，决心）
②、表示意愿（愿意）
③、表示坚持
④、表示习惯性动作（总是，经常）
word/media/image8.png在表示习惯性动作时，will的用法与一般现在时的用法相同
word/media/image15.png用used to也可用来表示过去的习惯性动作
word/media/image23.png用used to还可表示过去的状态，而would不能
word/media/image24.pngwould只有在过去的时间语境中表示的意义与will相同，否则只表示一种婉转语气
word/media/image17.pngshall
①、表示意图（想要，打算，决心）
☆shall在主语是第一人称时可表示意图，shall在主语是第一人称或第三人称的疑问句中时，可表示说话人征求对方的意图
②、表示意愿（会）
③、表示许可（可以）
④、表示命令（命令、警告、禁止、决心）
word/media/image18.pngshould和ought to
①、表示义务（应该，应当）
⊿should have V-ed和ought to have V-ed（本该、就该）可表示过去应该做却没有做的事（有很强的责备语气）
②、表示揣测
word/media/image19.pngneed
①、表示必须（需要、必要）
②、表示推理
word/media/image20.pngdare
△dare作情态动词的敢（于）解时，主要用于否定句、疑问句和感叹句
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形容词和副词的比较结构
word/media/image2.png形容词和副词的原级比较
⊿原级比较通常采用as+原级+as或not as/so+原级+as句型
☆动词+倍数/分数+as+原级+（名词）+as+比较对象可表示倍数/分数的增减
word/media/image6.png形容词和副词的比较级
word/media/image7.png形容词和副词的最高级
——————————————————————————————————一致关系
word/media/image2.png主谓一致
☆主谓一致是指句子中的谓语动词在人称和数上必须和主语保持一致。
①、集体名词做主语时
⊿有些集体名词如people,folk,youth,kindred,police,militia,clergy,cattle,poultry,vermin等作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数
⊿集体名词做主语时，当侧重于整体时作单数用，侧重于成员时作复数用
②、以-s结尾的名词作主语时
word/media/image8.png以-s结尾的专有名词等作主语时，谓语动词用单数
word/media/image15.png学科名称、疾病名称、游戏名称、抽象名词等作主语时，谓语动词用单数
word/media/image23.png以-s结尾的海峡、群岛、山脉等名称作主语时，谓语动词通常要用复数
word/media/image24.png有些以-s结尾的由两个对称部分组成的物质如glasses,compasses,scales,scissors,pincers,pliers,trousers,pants,shorts,jeans,shoes,suspenders等作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数
word/media/image25.png这些以-s结尾的名词如clothes,contents,goods,stairs,wages等作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数
word/media/image26.png凡是以-ing结尾的名词如belongings,clippings,earnings,lodgings,surroundings,sweepings等作主语时，谓语动词用复数
word/media/image27.png有些单、复数同形的名词（包括不以-s结尾的）如barracks,works,headquarters,crossroads,means,series,species等与aircraft,hovercraft,deer,fish,sheep,grouse等以及Chinese,Japanese,Swiss等作主语时，其谓语动词的单、复数依主语的单、复数意义而定
③、并列结构作主语时
word/media/image8.png由and,both…and连接的表示两个或两个以上的人或动作主语时，其谓语动词用复数
word/media/image15.png由and连接的表示一个人或物的并列结构作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数
word/media/image23.png用and连接的单数名词前有each,every,many a/an,no等作主语时，谓语动词用单数
word/media/image24.png当单数主语之后跟with,along with,together with,combined with,as well as,as much as,in addition to,rather than,more than,no less than,except,but等引导的介词词组时，谓语动词常用单数
word/media/image25.png当主语是由not only…but also…,not…but…,or…,either…or…,neither…nor…,none but…连接的并列结构时，根据就近原则使动词和最靠近的词语保持数的一致
word/media/image28.png、名词词组做主语时
⑤、名词性从句作主语时，其谓语动词用单数
⑥、非谓语动词（不定式或分词）作主语时，其谓语动词用单数
⑦、代词作主语时
⑧、其余情况
word/media/image6.png其他一致关系
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英语不规则动词归类记忆表
一、AAA型（原形→原形→原形）
二、ABA型（原形→过去式→原形）
三、ABC型
1. ow →ew →own
2. i→a →u
3. 原形→过去式→过去式+(e)n
4. 原形→过去式→原形+(e)n
5. 无规律
四、ABB型
1. 原形→ought →ought
2. 原形→aught →aught
3. 变其中一个元音字母
4. 原形→□lt→□lt
5. 变其中一个辅音字母
6.辅音字母和元音字母都变
五、AAB型
六、有两种形式
七、情态动词
英语不规则动词表（二）
动词过去式和过去分词表：
