【考研英语阅读理解哪本书好】07年考研英语阅读理解精读100篇unit85

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Unit 85

Shortages of flu vaccine are nothing new in America, but this year"s is a whopper. Until last week, it appeared that 100 million Americans would have access to flu shots this fall. Then British authorities, concerned about quality-control problems at a production plant in Liverpool, barred all further shipments by the Chiron Corp. Overnight, the U.S. vaccine supply dwindled by nearly half--and federal health officials found themselves making an unusual plea. Instead of beseeching us all to get vaccinated, they"re now urging most healthy people between the ages of 2 and 64 not to. "This re-emphasizes the fragility of our vaccine supply," says Dr. Martin Myers of the National Network for Immunization Information, "and the lack of redundancy in our system."

Why is such a basic health service so easily knocked out? Mainly because private companies have had little incentive to pursue it. To create a single dose of flu vaccine, a manufacturer has to grow live virus in a 2-week-old fertilized chicken egg, then crack the egg, harvest the virus and extract the proteins used to provoke an immune response. Profit margins are narrow, demand is fickle and, because each year"s flu virus is different, any leftover vaccine goes to waste. As a result, the United States now has only two major suppliers (Chiron and Aventis Pasteur)--and when one of them runs into trouble, there isn"t much the other can do about it. "A vaccine maker can"t just call up and order 40 million more fertilized eggs," says Manon Cox, of Connecticut-based Protein Sciences Corp. "There"s a whole industry that"s scheduled to produce a certain number of eggs at a certain time."

Sleeker technologies are now in the works, and experts are hoping that this year"s fiasco will speed the pace of innovation. The main challenge is to shift production from eggs into cell cultures--a medium already used to make most other vaccines. Flu vaccines are harder than most to produce this way, but several biotech companies are now pursuing this strategy, and one culture-based product (Solvay Pharmaceuticals" Invivac) has been cleared for marketing in Europe.

For America, the immediate challenge is to make the most of a limited supply. The government estimates that 95 million people still qualify for shots under the voluntary restrictions announced last week. That"s nearly twice the number of doses that clinics will have on hand, but only 60 million Americans seek out shots in a normal year. In fact, many experts are hoping the shortage will serve as an awareness campaign--encouraging the people who really need a flu shot to get one.

注（1）：本文选自Newsweek; 10/18/2004, p57-57, 2/3p, 1c；

注（2）：本文习题命题模仿对象1—4题模仿1997年真题text 3，第5题模仿1997年真题text 4的第四小题；

1. Shortages of flue vaccine show that ____.

[A] America relies too much on foreign suppliers

[B] the demand of flue vaccines is high this year

[C] quality problem is a serious problem in flu vaccine production

[D] the supply of flu vaccines is rather weak and America has no back-up measures to make it up

2. The word “cleared” (Line 5, Paragraph 3) might mean ____.

[A]permitted 

[B]removed

[C]proved

[D]produced

3. Private companies have little interest in producing flu vaccines because of ____.

[A]complicated process, high cost, low profit and high risk

[B]shortages of fertilized chicken eggs

[C]difficulty in growing live virus

[D]fast changing of flu virus  

4. From the last paragraph we can infer that ____.

[A] the government hopes to solve the problem by way of volunteer restrictions

[B] more than 47 million Americans who are qualified to get flu vaccine shots can not get them this year

[C] America has to deal with a limited supply of flu vaccines this year

[D] normally only a small percentage of American population gets flu vaccine shots each year

5. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?

[A] All Americans are persuaded not to get vaccinated this year.

[B] The big problem in innovating flu vaccine producing technique is how to grow virus in a new way.

[C] More flu vaccines can not be produced in a short time because private companies refuse to produce more.

[D] Flu vaccines are easier than most vaccines to produce through cell cultures.

答案：D A A B B

篇章剖析

本篇文章探讨了美国流感疫苗短缺事件，经济成因以及当前以及未来的解决办法。第一段，作者介绍了美国流感疫苗短缺问题以及其直接原因；第二段中，作者剖析了其背后的经济原因；在第三段里，作者介绍了解决短缺问题的办法之一---革新疫苗生产技术，将其从受精卵中转移到细胞培养。第四段中，作者探讨了美国的当务之急：如何利用好有限的疫苗。出路就是号召公民发扬风格，将注射疫苗的机会让给敏感群体。

词汇注释

trench: [trentF] n. 战壕

whopper: [5(h)wCpE] n. 弥天大谎

bar: [bB:(r)] v. 禁止

Chiron Corp 奇隆公司。该公司总部设在加州，是一家生物技术公司。其业务和研究主要集中在三大领域：生物制药、疫苗以及血液检测。

dwindle: [5dwindl] v. 缩小

beseech: [bi5si:tF] v. 恳求

vaccinate: [5vAksineit] v. 接种疫苗

fragility: [frE5dViliti] n. 脆弱

the National Network for Immunization Information （美国）全国防疫信息网

redundancy: [rI5dQndEnsI] n. 备份

knock out 击倒

incentive: [in5sentiv] n. 动机

fertilized chicken egg 已受精鸡蛋

crack: [krAk] v. （使）破裂

harvest: [5hB:vist] v. 收获

extract: [iks5trAkt] v. 提取

immune response 免疫反应

profit margin 利润率

fickle: [5fikl] adj. 变化无常的

sleek: [sli:k] adj. 圆滑的打磨过的

fiasco: [fI5AskEJ] n. 惨败

innovation: [7inEu5veiFEn] n. 改革，创新

culture: [5kQltFE] n. 细菌培养

biotech: [baiEu5tek] n. 生物技术

culture-based adj. 基于细菌培养技术的

clear: [kliE] v. 批准，准许

an awareness campaign 公民道德意识活动

难句突破

“This re-emphasizes the fragility of our vaccine supply," says Dr. Martin Myers of the National Network for Immunization Information, "and the lack of redundancy in our system.”

主体句式：This re-emphasizes the fragility and the lack…

结构分析：该句的难点在于如何理解re-emphasizes和redundancy的情感内涵。re-emphasizes通常表示“再次强调”，但根据其宾语中的关键名词“fragility（脆弱）”和“lack（缺乏）”两个词的语义内涵判断，re-emphasizes在本句中应该表示“凸显出（问题）”。Redundancy通常表示“冗余（不必要的重复”，但在本句中表示“（为了避免出现问题而进行的）必要的重复”。由此可见，根据具体语境，才能正确理解词汇的意思。

句子译文：“这再次凸显出我们疫苗供应的脆弱性，”全国免疫信息网的马丁·迈尔斯医生说，“此外，我们也没有必要的补救机制。”

题目分析

1．答案是D，属推理判断题。第一段最后一句话指出了疫苗短缺所暴露出来的问题。"This re-emphasizes the fragility of our vaccine supply," says Dr. Martin Myers of the National Network for Immunization Information, "and the lack of redundancy in our system." “这再次凸显出我们疫苗供应的脆弱性，”全国免疫信息网的马丁·迈尔斯医生说，“此外，我们也没有必要的补救机制。”

2． 答案是A，属猜词题。在第三段最后一句 “one culture-based product (Solvay Pharmaceuticals" Invivac) has been cleared for marketing in Europe.”里出现了“cleared”一词。根据下文中“marketing”和读者有关药品上市前应该得到批准的常识，可以判断出，该词在本句中的意思是“得到官方的批准”

3． 答案是A，属推理判断题。第二段第二句“Mainly because private companies have had little incentive to pursue it.”意思是说私企生产流感疫苗的积极性不高。接下来作者介绍了制作疫苗的复杂工序，由此可以推断出流感疫苗生产工艺复杂、成本高。第二段第4—5行“Profit margins are narrow, demand is fickle and, because each year"s flu virus is different, any leftover vaccine goes to waste.”又明确指出了私企不愿意生产流感疫苗的其他原因：利润率低、需求不稳定、此外由于流感病毒每年都不同，因此生产数量不能过大，由此也可推断出生产的风险性大，如果生产多了就会损失很大。

4． 答案是B，属推理判断题。第四段第二句“The government estimates that 95 million people still qualify for shots under the voluntary restrictions announced last week.”中可以知道大约有九千五百万人有资格注射疫苗。根据地四段第三句：“That"s nearly twice the number of doses that clinics will have on hand, but only 60 million Americans seek out shots in a normal year.”和前一句可以推断出美国现有大约四千七百万份流感疫苗库存，由此可推断出美国至少还有四千七百多万有资格注射疫苗的人无法得到注射。

5． 答案是B， 属推理判断题。从第一段第6—7行的“Instead of beseeching us all to get vaccinated, they"re now urging most healthy people between the ages of 2 and 64 not to.”可以判断出美国之呼吁2至64岁的健康人不接种流感疫苗，而不是所有的美国人，因此答案A是错误的。 从第二段最后一句好可以看出疫苗生产厂家无法临时增加疫苗生产不是由于他们不愿意，而是由于受精鸡蛋的生产已经预先计划好，无法提供更多的受精鸡蛋，由此可见答案C是错误的。从第三段第三行“Flu vaccines are harder than most to produce this way”可以判断出答案D是错误的，因为流感疫苗比别的疫苗更难用细菌培育的方式生产。而由第三段第2—3行“The main challenge is to shift production from eggs into cell cultures--a medium already used to make most other vaccines. ”以及上一句可见，改造疫苗生产工艺的关键在于革新病毒培育技术，因此答案B是正确的。

参考译文:

流感疫苗短缺在美国并不是新鲜事，但今年的短缺传闻却是一个弥天大谎。到上周为止，好像还有1亿美国人能在今年秋季接种流感疫苗。紧接着英国当局就因为担心一家位于利物浦的生产厂的质量控制问题而禁止所有奇隆公司（Chiron Corp）的产品供应。一夜之间，美国的疫苗供应量减少了一半---而联邦卫生官员也发现他们正在提出一项不同寻常的请求：不是请求我们去注射疫苗，而是敦促那些年龄在2-64岁之间的绝大多数健康人不要注射疫苗。“这再次凸显出我们疫苗供应的脆弱性，”全国免疫信息网的马丁·迈尔斯医生说，“此外，我们也没有必要的补救机制。”

为什么这种基本的保健服务会如此不堪一击呢？主要原因是私人公司生产积极性不高。生产每一份流感疫苗，生产商都要在一枚受精两星期的鸡蛋中培育活病毒，然后打破鸡蛋，提取病毒和用来激发免疫反应的蛋白质。利润率低，需求不稳定，此外由于每年的流感病毒不同，剩余的疫苗只能报废。因此美国目前只有两家大的供应商（奇隆和Aventis Pasteur）---当其中一家公司遇到麻烦时，另一家公司也无能为力。“疫苗生产商根本不可能打个电话要四千万个受精鸡蛋。”在康涅狄格一家蛋白质科学公司工作的马农·考克斯说，“整个鸡蛋生产都是按计划进行的。什么时间生产多少鸡蛋都已经预先计划好的。”

更好的技术已经应用到生产中。专家们希望今年的惨败能够加快技术革新的步伐。最大的挑战是如何将疫苗生产从鸡蛋培育转向细胞培育---该技术已经广泛应用于其他疫苗生产。用细胞培育技术生产流感疫苗比生产其他疫苗有更大的难度。尽管如此，几家生物技术公司正在进行这方面的尝试。索马尔医药品Invivac公司研制的一种基于细菌培育技术的产品已经获准在欧洲销售。

对美国来说，当务之急是要利用好有限的流感疫苗。政府预计，尽管上周发布了自愿限制公告，仍有九千五百万人有资格注射疫苗。这个数字几乎是医院临床流感疫苗库存量的两倍。正常情况下，每年有六千万美国人接种流感疫苗。事实上，许多专家希望这次疫苗短缺问题能成为一次提高公民道德意识的活动---鼓励确实需要注射疫苗的人们去注射。

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